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Niko Vujic
2025-08-19 18:02:39 +02:00
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radno/ispitivanje_cvrstoce_fdm_3d_printanog_uzorka.bbl
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\OT1/phv/m/n/12 Tijekom talo[]zenja slo-jeva, novi sloj ras-top-lje-nog fi-la-m
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\OT1/phv/m/n/12 Kako bi do-bili za-do-vo-lja-vaju[]cu va-ri-ja-ciju u []cvrsto[
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@@ -18,6 +18,9 @@
\usepackage{longtable}
\usepackage{caption}
\usepackage[backend=biber,style=numeric]{biblatex}
\usepackage{multirow}
\addbibresource{literatura.bib}
@@ -546,11 +549,15 @@ Prođemo li redom kroz iste možemo primjetiti kako: \\
ispunu prema tablicama \ref{tab:2d_ispune} i \ref{tab:3d_ispune}. 3D ispune predstavljaju problem pri kasnijoj analizi podataka iz razloga što im (po samoj
prirodi promjene geometrije kroz Z-os) površina poprečnog presjeka **nije konstantna**. Zbog kasnije analize podataka, to znači da je vrlo teško retroaktivno
odrediti geometriju sloja u kojemu se dogodio lom, te je iz tog razloga potrebno odabrati vrstu ispune s konstantnom površinom i geometrijom poprečnog presjeka,
dakle 2D vrstu ispune. Zbog dobre raspodjele materijala po cijelom poprečnom presjeku i mogućnosti brze izrade odabran je **mrežasti (grid) tip ispune**
dakle 2D vrstu ispune. Zbog dobre raspodjele materijala po cijelom poprečnom presjeku i mogućnosti brze izrade odabran je \textbf{mrežasti (grid) tip ispune}
\item \textbf{Orijentacija modela na radnoj površini}, prema \cite{article_881254} zbog promjena smijeru anizotropije, orijentacija izrade uvelike utječe na
čvrstoću ispitnog uzorka.
\item \textbf{Broj slojeva stijenke} bi zbog same promjene površine poprečnog presjeka i momenata tromosti presjeka trebao utjecati na čvrstoću dijela, će također
biti promatran u ovome istraživanju.
\item \textbf{Broj slojeva stijenke}\\
Iako bi broj slojeva stijenke zbog same promjene površine poprečnog presjeka i momenata tromosti presjeka trebao utjecati na čvrstoću dijela,
glavni razlog zašto je uključen u ispitivanje je zbog povezivanja istog s širinom ekstruzije. Kako je preklop tragova (detaljnije opisan u
\ref{subsubsec:odabir_konfiguracije_postotka_ispune}), kod bliskih tragova diktiran širinom ekstruzije, variranje postotka ispune nema utjecaja
na preklop, već samo na adheziju između slojeva. Uzmemo li varijaciju broja slojeva stijenki u obzir (tragovi stijenki su uvijek tik jedan do drugoga),
možemo promatrati i \textbf{horizontalni preklop} tragova, a ne samo kvalitetu adhezije između slojeva.
\end{enumerate}
\subsection{Odabir konfiguracije ispitivanih parametara ispisa}\label{subsec:odabir_konfiguracije_ispitivanih_parametara_ispisa}
@@ -603,6 +610,206 @@ mlaznice. Konfiguracije parametara biti će ispitivane prema tablici \ref{tab:ko
\end{tabular}
\end{table}
\subsubsection{Odabir konfiguracije postotka ispune}\label{subsubsec:odabir_konfiguracije_postotka_ispune}
Prema istraživanju \cite{daly2024infillCFPETG} ispitana su 4 različita postotka ispune u rasponu od 20\% do 100\%. U ovome ispitivanju biti će odabrana tri
različita postotka ispune, počevši od 20\% (u praksi minimum za funkcionalne modele) do 85\% (gotovo potpuno ispunjen komad). Razlog zašto gornja granica nije
fiksirana na 100\% je to što na takvim (ekstremnim) postocima ispune dolazi do velikog preklapanja linija slojeva zbog same geometrije ispune, što otežava
razlikovanje promjene čvrstoće promjenom širine ekstruzije u odnosu na promjenu ispune. Iz tog je razloga odabran postotak ispune koji će ipak pustiti prazan prostor
između tragova ispitnog uzorka. Na slici \ref{fig:usporedba_postotka_ispune} vidljivo je da pri širini ekstruzije od 100\% (0.4mm), na 100\% ispune nema preklapanja tragova,
dok bi svakim povećanjem preko te granice došlo do znatnog preklapanja istih. U tablici \ref{tab:konfiguracija_postotka_ispune} prikazani su odabrani postoci
ispune koji će biti ispitani.\\
\begin{figure}[H]
\centering
\includegraphics[width=1\textwidth]{media/imgs/planiranje_eksperimenta/usporedba_postotka_ispune.jpg}
\caption{Usporedba 100\% (lijevo) i 85\% (desno) postotka ispune, pri širini ekstruzije od 100\%.}
\label{fig:usporedba_postotka_ispune}
\end{figure}
\begin{table}[H]
\centering
\caption{Konfiguracija postotka ispune}
\label{tab:konfiguracija_postotka_ispune}
\begin{tabular}{|c|c|}
\hline
\textbf{Postotak ispune} & \textbf{Promjer mlaznice}\\
\hline
20\% & 0.4mm \\
\hline
55\% & 0.4mm \\
\hline
85\% & 0.4mm \\
\hline
\end{tabular}
\end{table}
\subsubsection{Odabir konfiguracije orijentacije ispitnog uzorka na randoj podlozi}\label{subsubsec:orijentacija_modela_na_radnoj_površini}
Orijentacija modela, opisana u poglavlju \ref{subsubsec:orijentacija_modela_na_radnoj_podlozi} glavni je parametar koji utječe na anizotropiju ispitnog uzorka.
Uzorci će (ovisno o tome ispituju se na vlak ili tlak) biti ispitivani u sve tri orijentacije prikazane na slici \ref{fig:orijentacija_modela_na_radnoj_podlozi}.
\subsubsection{Odabir konfiguracije broja slojeva stijenke}\label{subsubsec:odabir_konfiguracije_broja_slojeva_stijenke}
Parametar broj slojeva stijenke, opisan u poglavlju \ref{subsubsec:broj_slojeva_stijenke}, utječe na čvrstoću ispitnog uzorka zbog promjene površine presjeka, te
posebno pri složenim opterećenjima zbog promjene momenta tromosti presjeka. Kako nije preporučeno broj slojeva stijenke spuštati ispod 2 sloja (zbog ravnosti i
površinske kvalitete vanjskog zida), te nije poželjno da na nosivim dijelovima stijenka zauzima preko 50\% ukupne površine (zbog nepostojećeg presjecanja tragova
koje je često benificijalno za ukrućivanje tragova unutar istog sloja), za ovo će se ispitivanje odabrati 3 broja slojeva stijenke: 2 sloja, 4 sloja i 6 slojeva.
\subsubsection{Sumarni pregled ispitivanih parametara i razina}\label{subsubsec:sumarni_pregled_ispitivanih_parametara_i_razina}
U Tablici~\ref{tab:sumarni_parametri} prikazan je sažetak svih ispitivanih parametara ispisa, uz pripadajuće razine koje su odabrane za daljnje ispitivanje.
\begin{table}[H]
\centering
\caption{Sažetak ispitivanih parametara i njihovih razina}
\label{tab:sumarni_parametri}
\begin{tabular}{|c|c|}
\hline
\textbf{Parametar} & \textbf{Vrijednosti} \\
\hline
\multirow{3}{*}{Visina sloja}
& 0.08\,mm \\
& 0.22\,mm \\
& 0.36\,mm \\
\hline
\multirow{3}{*}{Širina ekstruzije}
& 0.4\,mm \\
& 0.6\,mm \\
& 0.8\,mm \\
\hline
\multirow{3}{*}{Postotak ispune}
& 20\% \\
& 55\% \\
& 85\% \\
\hline
\multirow{3}{*}{Orijentacija modela}
& Ležeći model \\
& Bočna orijentacija \\
& Uspravni model \\
\hline
\multirow{3}{*}{Broj slojeva stijenke}
& 2 \\
& 4 \\
& 6 \\
\hline
\end{tabular}
\end{table}
\subsection{Metoda ispitivanja}\label{subsec:metoda_ispitivanja}
Ispitivanje (a samim time i analiza podataka) biti će podjeljeno na dva dijela, tlačni i smični dio, koji su odabrani jer se u tim slučajevima zbog delaminacije
slojeva najčešće dešavaju lomovi.\\
\subsubsection{Ispitivanje vlačne čvrstoće}\label{subsubsec:ispitivanje_vlacne_cvrstoce}
Ispitivanje vlačne čvrstoće raditi će se statičkim vlačnim pokusom na univerzalnoj kidalici. Svi parametri iz poglavlja \ref{subsubsec:sumarni_pregled_ispitivanih_parametara_i_razina}
biti će ispitani, te (kako bi se smanjio broj potrebnih epruveta) koristiti će se Taguchijeva metoda za analizu podataka.
Kako bi odredili koje parametre je potrebno ispitati, možemo prema \cite{bazjanacNauka1} za slučaj jednolike raspodjele $\sigma$ u presjeku A reći da je
pri čistom vlačnom naprezanju $\sigma_x = \sigma_y = 0$ i $\sigma_z \neq 0$, te da je iz toga $\sigma = \sigma_z = \frac{F}{A}$.\\
Nazovemo li orijentacije orijentacija 1, orijentacija 2 i orijentacija 3 (prema slici \ref{fig:orijentacije}), možemo primjetiti kako su pri vlačnom testu, ukoliko
napravimo ispitne uzorke simetričnima u ravnini normalnoj na X-os (prema slici), te ako sila djeluje u smjeru x osi, orijentacija 2 i orijentacija 3 zapravo iste,
te onda možemo reći da je potrebno pronaći samo sljedeća naprezanja:\\
\begin{equation}
\sigma_{z,or1}; \sigma_{z,or2} = \sigma_{z,or3} = \sigma_{z,or23}
\end{equation}
\begin{figure}[H]
\centering
\includegraphics[width=1\textwidth]{media/imgs/planiranje_eksperimenta/orijentacije.jpg}
\caption{Prikaz rasporeda slojeva u sve tri orijentacije.}
\label{fig:orijentacije}
\end{figure}
\begin{flushleft}
Kada znamo koje kombinacije su nam potrebne, možemo napraviti tablicu \ref{tab:parametri_vlačnog_testa} sa referentnim parametrima za ispitivanje vlačne
čvrstoće.\\
\end{flushleft}
\begin{table}[H]
\centering
\caption{Parametri vlačnog testa}
\label{tab:parametri_vlačnog_testa}
\begin{tabular}{|c|c|c|}
\hline
\textbf{Parametar} & \textbf{Vrijednosti} & \textbf{Broj varijacija} \\
\hline
\multirow{3}{*}{Visina sloja}
& 0.08\,mm & \multirow{3}{*}{3} \\
& 0.22\,mm & \\
& 0.36\,mm & \\
\hline
\multirow{3}{*}{Širina ekstruzije}
& 0.4\,mm & \multirow{3}{*}{3} \\
& 0.6\,mm & \\
& 0.8\,mm & \\
\hline
\multirow{3}{*}{Postotak ispune}
& 20\% & \multirow{3}{*}{3} \\
& 55\% & \\
& 85\% & \\
\hline
\multirow{2}{*}{Orijentacija modela}
& Orijentacija 1 & \multirow{2}{*}{2} \\
& Orijentacija 2 & \\
\hline
\multirow{3}{*}{Broj slojeva stijenke}
& 2 & \multirow{3}{*}{3} \\
& 4 & \\
& 6 & \\
\hline
\end{tabular}
\end{table}
\begin{flushleft}
Napravimo li iz te tablice broj kombinacija koje postoje metodom potpune faktorske analize, imamo četiri parametra s 3 varijacije te jedan parametar s dvije
varijacije, što nam ukupno daje \textbf{162} potrebne epruvete. Iz tog razloga, iskoristiti ćemo Taguchijevu metodu ortogonalnih matrica, kako bi umjesto kombiniranja
svih parametara, pronašli korelacije između mješanih. Kako su Taguchijevi ortogonalni nizovi standardizirani, najbliži niz u koji se uklapa ovaj slučaj je
$\mathrm{L18}(2^1 \times 3^7)$, što znači da je za pokrivanje svih polja potrebno 18 različitih eksperimenata. Tablica \ref{tab:taguchi_l18} pokazane su
kombinacije koje je potrebno ispitati.\\
\end{flushleft}
\begin{table}[H]
\centering
\caption{Taguchijeva L18 ortogonalna matrica za 5 parametara}
\label{tab:taguchi_l18}
\resizebox{\textwidth}{!}{%
\begin{tabular}{|c|c|c|c|c|c|}
\hline
\multirow{2}{*}{\textbf{Eksperiment}} & \multirow{2}{*}{\textbf{Orijentacija}} & \multirow{2}{*}{\textbf{Visina sloja}} & \multirow{2}{*}{\textbf{Širina ekstruzije}} & \multirow{2}{*}{\textbf{Postotak ispune}} & \multirow{2}{*}{\textbf{Broj slojeva stijenke}} \\
& & & & & \\
\hline
1 & 1 & 1 & 1 & 1 & 1 \\
2 & 1 & 1 & 2 & 2 & 2 \\
3 & 1 & 1 & 3 & 3 & 3 \\
4 & 1 & 2 & 1 & 2 & 3 \\
5 & 1 & 2 & 2 & 3 & 1 \\
6 & 1 & 2 & 3 & 1 & 2 \\
7 & 1 & 3 & 1 & 3 & 2 \\
8 & 1 & 3 & 2 & 1 & 3 \\
9 & 1 & 3 & 3 & 2 & 1 \\
10 & 2 & 1 & 1 & 3 & 2 \\
11 & 2 & 1 & 2 & 1 & 3 \\
12 & 2 & 1 & 3 & 2 & 1 \\
13 & 2 & 2 & 1 & 1 & 3 \\
14 & 2 & 2 & 2 & 2 & 1 \\
15 & 2 & 2 & 3 & 3 & 2 \\
16 & 2 & 3 & 1 & 2 & 2 \\
17 & 2 & 3 & 2 & 3 & 3 \\
18 & 2 & 3 & 3 & 1 & 1 \\
\hline
\end{tabular}
}
\end{table}
\subsubsection{Ispitivanje smične čvrstoće}\label{subsubsec:ispitivanje_smične_čvrstoće}
Ispitivanje smične čvrstoće biti će izvedeno uzorkom s V-utorom na linearnim vodilicama na univerzalnoj kidalici.
Svi parametri iz poglavlja \ref{subsubsec:sumarni_pregled_ispitivanih_parametara_i_razina} biti će ispitani, te (kako bi se smanjio broj potrebnih epruveta) koristiti
će se (kao i kod vlačnog testa) Taguchijeva metoda za analizu podataka. Kako bi odredili koje parametre je potrebno ispitati, možemo prema \cite{bazjanacNauka1}
za slučaj jednolike raspodjele $\tau$ u presjeku napisati.
\subsection{Priprema uzoraka}\label{subsec:priprema_uzoraka}
%---------------------------------------------------------------------
%----------------------LITERATURA-------------------------------------

20
radno/literatura.bib
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@@ -190,3 +190,23 @@
number={3},
publisher={Ahmet ÇALIK}
}
@article{daly2024infillCFPETG,
author = {Daly, Mohamed and Tarfaoui, Mostapha and Chihi, Manel and Bouraoui, Chokri},
title = {Effects of Infill Density and Pattern on the Tensile Mechanical Behavior of 3D‑Printed Carbon‑Fiber Reinforced PETG Composites by the FDM Process},
journal = {Materials},
year = {2024},
volume = {8},
number = {4},
pages = {115},
doi = {10.3390/ma8040115},
url = {https://www.mdpi.com/2504-477X/8/4/115},
note = {Accessed: 19 August 2025}
}
@book{bazjanacNauka1,
author = {Bazjanac, Dragutin},
title = {Nauka o čvrstoći I. DIO},
year = {1963.},
publisher = {SVEUČILIŠTE U ZAGREBU},
address = {Zagreb},
}

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