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Niko Vujic
2025-09-22 12:36:32 +02:00
parent 884bfc53db
commit 56cdba1dba
6 changed files with 445 additions and 451 deletions
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radno/ispitivanje_cvrstoce_fdm_3d_printanog_uzorka.aux
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radno/ispitivanje_cvrstoce_fdm_3d_printanog_uzorka.fdb_latexmk
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radno/ispitivanje_cvrstoce_fdm_3d_printanog_uzorka.fls
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radno/ispitivanje_cvrstoce_fdm_3d_printanog_uzorka.log
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\OT1/phv/m/n/12 Tuma[]cenje ovis-nosti sile o mi-ni-mal-noj povr[]sini po-pre[]
cnog pre-sjeka mo[]zemo do-biti jed-nad[]zbom
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\OT1/phv/m/n/12 Kako bi mo-gli de-fi-ni-rati ko-liko do-bro li-ne-arni mo-del o
bja[]snjava na[]se po-datke, mo[]zemo izra[]cunati
[]
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[]\OT1/phv/m/n/12 Rezultati ovog rada mogu poslu[]ziti kao re-fe-renca pri op-t
i-mi-za-ciji pa-ra-me-tara is-pisa u slu[]cajevima
[]
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\OT1/phv/m/n/12 gdje je po-trebna pre-dvid-ljiva i po-nov-ljiva []cvrsto[]ca 3D
prin-ta-nih di-je-lova. Ograni[]cenja is-tra[]zivanja
[]
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@@ -2083,17 +2078,17 @@ nim kraj-njim pri-hva-tima s 100%
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\OT1/phv/m/n/12 Sljede[]ci kod izvr[]savan je unu-tar okru[]zenja \OT1/phv/b/n/
12 Jupyter-Lab\OT1/phv/m/n/12 , a ko-risti bi-bli-oteku \OT1/zi4/m/n/12 NumPy \
OT1/phv/m/n/12 i \OT1/zi4/m/n/12 Matplotlib\OT1/phv/m/n/12 .
@@ -2103,9 +2098,9 @@ OT1/phv/m/n/12 i \OT1/zi4/m/n/12 Matplotlib\OT1/phv/m/n/12 .
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@@ -104,6 +104,7 @@
\begin{document}
\pagenumbering{Roman} % rimske brojke za sadržaj, uvodnu stranu itd.
\begin{justify}
% --------------------------------------------
% Vanjska naslovnica
% --------------------------------------------
@@ -215,7 +216,6 @@
\clearpage
\pagestyle{mainstyle}
\begin{justify}
\pagebreak
\section*{Sažetak}
@@ -228,7 +228,7 @@ U ovom radu istraživan je utjecaj odabranih parametara FDM ispisa na mehanička
\pagebreak
\section*{Abstract}
This thesis investigates the influence of selected FDM printing parameters on the mechanical properties of PLA specimens. The analyzed parameters include layer height, extrusion width, infill percentage, layer orientation, and wall thickness, while other printing conditions were kept constant. Experiments were conducted using the Taguchi method, and results were analyzed with ANOVA. The findings show that layer orientation has the greatest impact on tensile strength (23\% of total variability), with parallel layers achieving an average strength of 29.88 MPa compared to 21.94 MPa for vertical orientation. The number of walls contributed 16.3\%, while the effects of other parameters were below 10\%. For shear strength, the most influential factor was infill percentage (43.2\%), where increasing infill from 20\% to 85\% raised the average strength from 23.67 MPa to 34.13 MPa. These results confirm that proper selection of printing parameters can significantly improve the mechanical properties of 3D printed components and provide guidelines for FDM process optimization in engineering applications.
This thesis investigates the influence of selected FDM printing parameters on the mechanical properties of PLA specimens. The analyzed parameters include layer height, extrusion width, infill percentage, layer orientation, and wall thickness, while other printing conditions were kept constant. Experiments were conducted using the Taguchi method, and results were analyzed with ANOVA. The findings show that layer orientation has the greatest impact on tensile strength (23\% of total variability), with parallel layers achieving an average strength of 29,88 MPa compared to 21,94 MPa for vertical orientation. The number of walls contributed 16,3\%, while the effects of other parameters were below 10\%. For shear strength, the most influential factor was infill percentage (43,2\%), where increasing infill from 20\% to 85\% raised the average strength from 23,67 MPa to 34,13 MPa. These results confirm that proper selection of printing parameters can significantly improve the mechanical properties of 3D printed components and provide guidelines for FDM process optimization in engineering applications.
\bigskip
@@ -265,9 +265,9 @@ FDM tehnologija temelji se na procesu taloženja materijala po slojevima, pri č
Proces izrade strojnog dijela može se podijeliti u sljedeće korake:
\begin{enumerate}
\item Priprema modela
\item Zagrijavanje i ekstrudiranje
\item Izgradnja slojeva
\item Priprema modela.
\item Zagrijavanje i ekstrudiranje.
\item Izgradnja slojeva.
\end{enumerate}
\bigskip
@@ -292,26 +292,26 @@ Stroj pomiče mlaznicu ili podlogu (ovisno o izvedbi) po osima X, Y i Z te sloj
Parametre ispisa početno možemo podijeliti u tri glavne skupine.
\begin{enumerate}
\item Parametri povezani s obradom materijala
\subitem Temperatura mlaznice
\subitem Temperatura podloge
\subitem Brzina hlađenja (diktirana hlađenjem glave stroja)
\subitem Vrsta materijala
\subitem Promjer i tip filamenta
\item Parametri povezani s dinamikom stroja
\subitem Brzina ispisa
\subitem Akceleracija i trzaj (jerk)
\subitem Retrakcija materijala
\subitem Visina Z-podizanja pri preskakanju (Z-hop)
\subitem Kalibracija osi i tolerancije
\item Parametri povezani s geometrijom objekta
\subitem Visina sloja
\subitem Širina ekstruzije
\subitem Postotak ispune
\subitem Debljina gornjih i donjih slojeva
\subitem Vrsta ispune
\subitem Orijentacija modela na radnoj podlozi
\subitem Broj slojeva stijenke
\item Parametri povezani s obradom materijala:
\subitem Temperatura mlaznice.
\subitem Temperatura podloge.
\subitem Brzina hlađenja (diktirana hlađenjem glave stroja).
\subitem Vrsta materijala.
\subitem Promjer i tip filamenta.
\item Parametri povezani s dinamikom stroja:
\subitem Brzina ispisa.
\subitem Akceleracija i trzaj (jerk).
\subitem Retrakcija materijala.
\subitem Visina Z-podizanja pri preskakanju (Z-hop).
\subitem Kalibracija osi i tolerancije.
\item Parametri povezani s geometrijom objekta:
\subitem Visina sloja.
\subitem Širina ekstruzije.
\subitem Postotak ispune.
\subitem Debljina gornjih i donjih slojeva.
\subitem Vrsta ispune.
\subitem Orijentacija modela na radnoj podlozi.
\subitem Broj slojeva stijenke.
\end{enumerate}
\subsection{Opis relevantnih parametara ispisa}\label{subsec:opis_relevantnih_parametara_ispisa}
@@ -608,10 +608,10 @@ U klasičnom pristupu, ako postoji $k$ faktora, svaki s $l$ razina, potrebno je
\noindent Glavne prednosti metode su sljedeće:\\
\begin{itemize}
\item značajno smanjenje broja eksperimenata
\item jednostavna statistička obrada podataka
\item robusna optimizacija čak i uz prisustvo vanjskih smetnji
\item mogućnost donošenja zaključaka o važnosti pojedinih faktora i (što je vrlo važno) interakcija između tih faktora
\item značajno smanjenje broja eksperimenata,
\item jednostavna statistička obrada podataka,
\item robusna optimizacija čak i uz prisustvo vanjskih smetnji,
\item mogućnost donošenja zaključaka o važnosti pojedinih faktora i (što je vrlo važno) interakcija između tih faktora.
\end{itemize}
\noindent U ovom radu koristit će se Taguchijeva metoda kako bi se utvrdio utjecaj 5 faktora ispisa (visina sloja, širina ekstruzije, postotak ispune, orijentacija modela i broj slojeva stijenke) na mehaničku čvrstoću ispitnih uzoraka izrađenih FDM tehnologijom. Za svaki eksperimentalni uzorak mjerit će se vlačna i smična čvrstoća, a S/N omjer koristit će se za procjenu optimalne kombinacije parametara i njihove robusnosti.
@@ -714,11 +714,11 @@ Prema članku \cite{hermann2019layerheight}, nadovezanom na istraživanje \cite{
\hline
\textbf{Visina sloja} & \textbf{Postotak promjera mlaznice} & \textbf{Promjer mlaznice} \\
\hline
0.08mm & 20\% & 0.4mm \\
0,08mm & 20\% & 0,4mm \\
\hline
0.14mm & 35\% & 0.4mm \\
0,14mm & 35\% & 0,4mm \\
\hline
0.28mm & 70\% & 0.4mm \\
0,28mm & 70\% & 0,4mm \\
\hline
\end{tabular}
\caption*{\textit{Izvor: autor}}
@@ -735,18 +735,18 @@ Prema članku \cite{hermann2019extrusionwidth}, ispitano je 8 širina ekstruzije
\hline
\textbf{Širina ekstruzije} & \textbf{Postotak promjera mlaznice} & \textbf{Promjer mlaznice}\\
\hline
0.4mm & 100\% & 0.4mm \\
0,4mm & 100\% & 0,4mm \\
\hline
0.6mm & 150\% & 0.4mm \\
0,6mm & 150\% & 0,4mm \\
\hline
0.8mm & 200\% & 0.4mm \\
0,8mm & 200\% & 0,4mm \\
\hline
\end{tabular}
\caption*{\textit{Izvor: autor}}
\end{table}
\subsubsection{Odabir konfiguracije postotka ispune}\label{subsubsec:odabir_konfiguracije_postotka_ispune}
Prema istraživanju \cite{daly2024infillCFPETG} ispitana su 4 različita postotka ispune u rasponu od 20\% do 100\%. U ovome ispitivanju bit će odabrana tri različita postotka ispune, počevši od 20\% (u praksi minimum za funkcionalne modele) do 85\% (gotovo potpuno ispunjen komad). Razlog zašto gornja granica nije fiksirana na 100\% je to što na takvim (ekstremnim) postocima ispune dolazi do velikog preklapanja linija slojeva zbog same geometrije ispune, što otežava razlikovanje promjene čvrstoće promjenom širine ekstruzije u odnosu na promjenu ispune. Iz tog je razloga odabran postotak ispune koji će ipak pustiti prazan prostor između tragova ispitnog uzorka. Na slici \ref{fig:usporedba_postotka_ispune} vidljivo je da pri širini ekstruzije od 100\% (0.4mm), na 100\% ispune nema preklapanja tragova, dok bi svakim povećanjem preko te granice došlo do znatnog preklapanja istih. U tablici \ref{tab:konfiguracija_postotka_ispune} prikazani su odabrani postoci ispune koji će biti ispitani.
Prema istraživanju \cite{daly2024infillCFPETG} ispitana su 4 različita postotka ispune u rasponu od 20\% do 100\%. U ovome ispitivanju bit će odabrana tri različita postotka ispune, počevši od 20\% (u praksi minimum za funkcionalne modele) do 85\% (gotovo potpuno ispunjen komad). Razlog zašto gornja granica nije fiksirana na 100\% je to što na takvim (ekstremnim) postocima ispune dolazi do velikog preklapanja linija slojeva zbog same geometrije ispune, što otežava razlikovanje promjene čvrstoće promjenom širine ekstruzije u odnosu na promjenu ispune. Iz tog je razloga odabran postotak ispune koji će ipak pustiti prazan prostor između tragova ispitnog uzorka. Na slici \ref{fig:usporedba_postotka_ispune} vidljivo je da pri širini ekstruzije od 100\% (0,4mm), na 100\% ispune nema preklapanja tragova, dok bi svakim povećanjem preko te granice došlo do znatnog preklapanja istih. U tablici \ref{tab:konfiguracija_postotka_ispune} prikazani su odabrani postoci ispune koji će biti ispitani.
\begin{figure}[H]
\centering
@@ -765,11 +765,11 @@ Prema istraživanju \cite{daly2024infillCFPETG} ispitana su 4 različita postotk
\hline
\textbf{Postotak ispune} & \textbf{Promjer mlaznice}\\
\hline
20\% & 0.4mm \\
20\% & 0,4mm \\
\hline
55\% & 0.4mm \\
55\% & 0,4mm \\
\hline
85\% & 0.4mm \\
85\% & 0,4mm \\
\hline
\end{tabular}
\caption*{\textit{Izvor: autor}}
@@ -799,9 +799,9 @@ U tablici \ref{tab:sumarni_parametri} prikazan je sažetak svih ispitivanih para
\hline
\textbf{Parametar} & \textbf{Vrijednosti} \\
\hline
Visina sloja & 0.08\,mm, 0.14\,mm, 0.28\,mm \\
Visina sloja & 0,08\,mm, 0,14\,mm, 0,28\,mm \\
\hline
Širina ekstruzije & 0.4\,mm, 0.6\,mm, 0.8\,mm \\
Širina ekstruzije & 0,4\,mm, 0,6\,mm, 0,8\,mm \\
\hline
Postotak ispune & 20\%, 55\%, 85\% \\
\hline
@@ -849,14 +849,14 @@ Ispitivanje vlačne čvrstoće radit će se statičkim vlačnim pokusom na unive
\textbf{Parametar} & \textbf{Vrijednosti} & \textbf{Broj varijacija} \\
\hline
\multirow{3}{*}{Visina sloja}
& 0.08\,mm & \multirow{3}{*}{3} \\
& 0.14\,mm & \\
& 0.28\,mm & \\
& 0,08\,mm & \multirow{3}{*}{3} \\
& 0,14\,mm & \\
& 0,28\,mm & \\
\hline
\multirow{3}{*}{Širina ekstruzije}
& 0.4\,mm & \multirow{3}{*}{3} \\
& 0.6\,mm & \\
& 0.8\,mm & \\
& 0,4\,mm & \multirow{3}{*}{3} \\
& 0,6\,mm & \\
& 0,8\,mm & \\
\hline
\multirow{3}{*}{Postotak ispune}
& 20\% & \multirow{3}{*}{3} \\
@@ -887,24 +887,24 @@ Ispitivanje vlačne čvrstoće radit će se statičkim vlačnim pokusom na unive
\hline
\textbf{Eksperiment} & \textbf{Orijentacija} & \textbf{Visina sloja} & \textbf{Širina ekstruzije} & \textbf{Postotak ispune} & \textbf{Broj slojeva stijenke} \\
\hline
1 & Orijentacija 1 & 0.08\,mm & 0.4\,mm & 20\% & 2 \\
2 & Orijentacija 1 & 0.08\,mm & 0.6\,mm & 55\% & 4 \\
3 & Orijentacija 1 & 0.08\,mm & 0.8\,mm & 85\% & 6 \\
4 & Orijentacija 1 & 0.14\,mm & 0.4\,mm & 55\% & 6 \\
5 & Orijentacija 1 & 0.14\,mm & 0.6\,mm & 85\% & 2 \\
6 & Orijentacija 1 & 0.14\,mm & 0.8\,mm & 20\% & 4 \\
7 & Orijentacija 1 & 0.28\,mm & 0.4\,mm & 85\% & 4 \\
8 & Orijentacija 1 & 0.28\,mm & 0.6\,mm & 20\% & 6 \\
9 & Orijentacija 1 & 0.28\,mm & 0.8\,mm & 55\% & 2 \\
10 & Orijentacija 2 & 0.08\,mm & 0.4\,mm & 85\% & 4 \\
11 & Orijentacija 2 & 0.08\,mm & 0.6\,mm & 20\% & 6 \\
12 & Orijentacija 2 & 0.08\,mm & 0.8\,mm & 55\% & 2 \\
13 & Orijentacija 2 & 0.14\,mm & 0.4\,mm & 20\% & 6 \\
14 & Orijentacija 2 & 0.14\,mm & 0.6\,mm & 55\% & 2 \\
15 & Orijentacija 2 & 0.14\,mm & 0.8\,mm & 85\% & 4 \\
16 & Orijentacija 2 & 0.28\,mm & 0.4\,mm & 55\% & 4 \\
17 & Orijentacija 2 & 0.28\,mm & 0.6\,mm & 85\% & 6 \\
18 & Orijentacija 2 & 0.28\,mm & 0.8\,mm & 20\% & 2 \\
1 & Orijentacija 1 & 0,08\,mm & 0,4\,mm & 20\% & 2 \\
2 & Orijentacija 1 & 0,08\,mm & 0,6\,mm & 55\% & 4 \\
3 & Orijentacija 1 & 0,08\,mm & 0,8\,mm & 85\% & 6 \\
4 & Orijentacija 1 & 0,14\,mm & 0,4\,mm & 55\% & 6 \\
5 & Orijentacija 1 & 0,14\,mm & 0,6\,mm & 85\% & 2 \\
6 & Orijentacija 1 & 0,14\,mm & 0,8\,mm & 20\% & 4 \\
7 & Orijentacija 1 & 0,28\,mm & 0,4\,mm & 85\% & 4 \\
8 & Orijentacija 1 & 0,28\,mm & 0,6\,mm & 20\% & 6 \\
9 & Orijentacija 1 & 0,28\,mm & 0,8\,mm & 55\% & 2 \\
10 & Orijentacija 2 & 0,08\,mm & 0,4\,mm & 85\% & 4 \\
11 & Orijentacija 2 & 0,08\,mm & 0,6\,mm & 20\% & 6 \\
12 & Orijentacija 2 & 0,08\,mm & 0,8\,mm & 55\% & 2 \\
13 & Orijentacija 2 & 0,14\,mm & 0,4\,mm & 20\% & 6 \\
14 & Orijentacija 2 & 0,14\,mm & 0,6\,mm & 55\% & 2 \\
15 & Orijentacija 2 & 0,14\,mm & 0,8\,mm & 85\% & 4 \\
16 & Orijentacija 2 & 0,28\,mm & 0,4\,mm & 55\% & 4 \\
17 & Orijentacija 2 & 0,28\,mm & 0,6\,mm & 85\% & 6 \\
18 & Orijentacija 2 & 0,28\,mm & 0,8\,mm & 20\% & 2 \\
\hline
\end{tabular}
}
@@ -924,14 +924,14 @@ Ispitivanje smične čvrstoće bit će izvedeno uzorkom s V-utorom na linearnim
\textbf{Parametar} & \textbf{Vrijednosti} & \textbf{Broj varijacija} \\
\hline
\multirow{3}{*}{Visina sloja}
& 0.08\,mm & \multirow{3}{*}{3} \\
& 0.14\,mm & \\
& 0.28\,mm & \\
& 0,08\,mm & \multirow{3}{*}{3} \\
& 0,14\,mm & \\
& 0,28\,mm & \\
\hline
\multirow{3}{*}{Širina ekstruzije}
& 0.4\,mm & \multirow{3}{*}{3} \\
& 0.6\,mm & \\
& 0.8\,mm & \\
& 0,4\,mm & \multirow{3}{*}{3} \\
& 0,6\,mm & \\
& 0,8\,mm & \\
\hline
\multirow{3}{*}{Postotak ispune}
& 20\% & \multirow{3}{*}{3} \\
@@ -967,33 +967,33 @@ odgovara matrici L27 koja sadržava pet faktora po tri razine, te zahtjeva 27 ek
\hline
\textbf{Eksperiment} & \textbf{Orijentacija} & \textbf{Visina sloja} & \textbf{Širina ekstruzije} & \textbf{Postotak ispune} & \textbf{Broj slojeva stijenke} \\
\hline
1 & Orijentacija 1 & 0.08\,mm & 0.4\,mm & 20\% & 2 \\
2 & Orijentacija 2 & 0.08\,mm & 0.4\,mm & 55\% & 4 \\
3 & Orijentacija 3 & 0.08\,mm & 0.4\,mm & 85\% & 6 \\
4 & Orijentacija 2 & 0.08\,mm & 0.6\,mm & 20\% & 6 \\
5 & Orijentacija 3 & 0.08\,mm & 0.6\,mm & 55\% & 2 \\
6 & Orijentacija 1 & 0.08\,mm & 0.6\,mm & 85\% & 4 \\
7 & Orijentacija 3 & 0.08\,mm & 0.8\,mm & 20\% & 4 \\
8 & Orijentacija 1 & 0.08\,mm & 0.8\,mm & 55\% & 6 \\
9 & Orijentacija 2 & 0.08\,mm & 0.8\,mm & 85\% & 2 \\
10 & Orijentacija 2 & 0.14\,mm & 0.4\,mm & 20\% & 6 \\
11 & Orijentacija 3 & 0.14\,mm & 0.4\,mm & 55\% & 2 \\
12 & Orijentacija 1 & 0.14\,mm & 0.4\,mm & 85\% & 4 \\
13 & Orijentacija 3 & 0.14\,mm & 0.6\,mm & 20\% & 4 \\
14 & Orijentacija 1 & 0.14\,mm & 0.6\,mm & 55\% & 6 \\
15 & Orijentacija 2 & 0.14\,mm & 0.6\,mm & 85\% & 2 \\
16 & Orijentacija 1 & 0.14\,mm & 0.8\,mm & 20\% & 2 \\
17 & Orijentacija 2 & 0.14\,mm & 0.8\,mm & 55\% & 4 \\
18 & Orijentacija 3 & 0.14\,mm & 0.8\,mm & 85\% & 6 \\
19 & Orijentacija 3 & 0.28\,mm & 0.4\,mm & 20\% & 4 \\
20 & Orijentacija 1 & 0.28\,mm & 0.4\,mm & 55\% & 6 \\
21 & Orijentacija 2 & 0.28\,mm & 0.4\,mm & 85\% & 2 \\
22 & Orijentacija 1 & 0.28\,mm & 0.6\,mm & 20\% & 4 \\
23 & Orijentacija 2 & 0.28\,mm & 0.6\,mm & 55\% & 6 \\
24 & Orijentacija 3 & 0.28\,mm & 0.6\,mm & 85\% & 2 \\
25 & Orijentacija 2 & 0.28\,mm & 0.8\,mm & 20\% & 2 \\
26 & Orijentacija 3 & 0.28\,mm & 0.8\,mm & 55\% & 4 \\
27 & Orijentacija 1 & 0.28\,mm & 0.8\,mm & 85\% & 6 \\
1 & Orijentacija 1 & 0,08\,mm & 0,4\,mm & 20\% & 2 \\
2 & Orijentacija 2 & 0,08\,mm & 0,4\,mm & 55\% & 4 \\
3 & Orijentacija 3 & 0,08\,mm & 0,4\,mm & 85\% & 6 \\
4 & Orijentacija 2 & 0,08\,mm & 0,6\,mm & 20\% & 6 \\
5 & Orijentacija 3 & 0,08\,mm & 0,6\,mm & 55\% & 2 \\
6 & Orijentacija 1 & 0,08\,mm & 0,6\,mm & 85\% & 4 \\
7 & Orijentacija 3 & 0,08\,mm & 0,8\,mm & 20\% & 4 \\
8 & Orijentacija 1 & 0,08\,mm & 0,8\,mm & 55\% & 6 \\
9 & Orijentacija 2 & 0,08\,mm & 0,8\,mm & 85\% & 2 \\
10 & Orijentacija 2 & 0,14\,mm & 0,4\,mm & 20\% & 6 \\
11 & Orijentacija 3 & 0,14\,mm & 0,4\,mm & 55\% & 2 \\
12 & Orijentacija 1 & 0,14\,mm & 0,4\,mm & 85\% & 4 \\
13 & Orijentacija 3 & 0,14\,mm & 0,6\,mm & 20\% & 4 \\
14 & Orijentacija 1 & 0,14\,mm & 0,6\,mm & 55\% & 6 \\
15 & Orijentacija 2 & 0,14\,mm & 0,6\,mm & 85\% & 2 \\
16 & Orijentacija 1 & 0,14\,mm & 0,8\,mm & 20\% & 2 \\
17 & Orijentacija 2 & 0,14\,mm & 0,8\,mm & 55\% & 4 \\
18 & Orijentacija 3 & 0,14\,mm & 0,8\,mm & 85\% & 6 \\
19 & Orijentacija 3 & 0,28\,mm & 0,4\,mm & 20\% & 4 \\
20 & Orijentacija 1 & 0,28\,mm & 0,4\,mm & 55\% & 6 \\
21 & Orijentacija 2 & 0,28\,mm & 0,4\,mm & 85\% & 2 \\
22 & Orijentacija 1 & 0,28\,mm & 0,6\,mm & 20\% & 4 \\
23 & Orijentacija 2 & 0,28\,mm & 0,6\,mm & 55\% & 6 \\
24 & Orijentacija 3 & 0,28\,mm & 0,6\,mm & 85\% & 2 \\
25 & Orijentacija 2 & 0,28\,mm & 0,8\,mm & 20\% & 2 \\
26 & Orijentacija 3 & 0,28\,mm & 0,8\,mm & 55\% & 4 \\
27 & Orijentacija 1 & 0,28\,mm & 0,8\,mm & 85\% & 6 \\
\hline
\end{tabular}
}
@@ -1007,8 +1007,7 @@ Iako su metode ispitivanja standardizirane, zbog specifičnih svojstava 3D print
\subsubsection{Interakcija postotka ispune i širine ekstruzije}\label{subsubsec:interakcija_postotka_ispune_i_širine_ekstruzije}
Kako je navedeno u poglavlju \ref{subsubsec:odabir_konfiguracije_postotka_ispune} potrebno je pustiti dovoljno prostora između tragova ispune i stijenke, kako utjecaj širine ekstruzije ne bi u graničnim slučajevima utjecao na preklapanje tragova. Izrađen je te prerezan model kvadratnog površinskog presjeka 10x10mm (prema slici \ref{fig:epruveta_s_prihvatom}) te je pokazano da na širini ekstruzije od 200\% sa mlaznicom promjera 0.4mm pri 85\% ispune granično nema dodirivanja
tragova u presjeku.
Kako je navedeno u poglavlju \ref{subsubsec:odabir_konfiguracije_postotka_ispune} potrebno je pustiti dovoljno prostora između tragova ispune i stijenke, kako utjecaj širine ekstruzije ne bi u graničnim slučajevima utjecao na preklapanje tragova. Izrađen je te prerezan model kvadratnog površinskog presjeka 10x10mm (prema slici \ref{fig:epruveta_s_prihvatom}) te je pokazano da na širini ekstruzije od 200\% sa mlaznicom promjera 0,4mm pri 85\% ispune granično nema dodirivanja tragova u presjeku.
\subsubsection{Orijentacija izrade i prihvat epruvete}\label{subsubsec:orijentacija_izrade}
Kako bi geometrijske karakteristike izrađenih ispitnih uzoraka bile što konzistentnije, potrebno je osmisliti ispitni uzorak bez prevjesa (kako bi izbjegli potporni materijal) te je također potrebno paziti da se isti može izraditi u sve tri orijentacije. Na slikama \ref{fig:epruveta_bez_potpore} i \ref{fig:epruveta_sa_potporom} prikazana je standardna ispitna epruveta u sve tri orijentacije. Možemo primijetiti kako u trećoj (najdesnijoj) konfiguraciji epruveta zahtjeva potporni materijal, koji će na toj plohi promijeniti kvalitetu površine, te promijeniti geometriju same epruvete.
@@ -1138,18 +1137,18 @@ U svrhu eksperimenta korišteni su sljedeći materijali i oprema, te su sva meha
\hline
\textbf{Svojstva 3D printanog uzorka} & \textbf{Test condition} & \textbf{PLA} \\
\hline
Tensile modulus [GPa] & 1 mm/min & 3.3 \\
Tensile modulus [GPa] & 1 mm/min & 3,3 \\
\hline
Tensile strength [MPa] & 50 mm/min & 59.0 \\
Tensile strength [MPa] & 50 mm/min & 59,0 \\
\hline
Strain at break (Tensile) [\%] & 50 mm/min & 4.2 \\
Strain at break (Tensile) [\%] & 50 mm/min & 4,2 \\
\hline
Strain at tensile strength [\%] & 50 mm/min & 3.8 \\ \hline
Flexural modulus [GPa] & 2 mm/min & 2.8 \\ \hline
Flexural strength [MPa] & 2 mm/min & 73.6 \\ \hline
Flexural strain at flexural strength [\%] & 2 mm/min & 3.3 \\ \hline
Strain at break (Flexural) [\%] & 2 mm/min & 3.3 \\ \hline
Charpy unnotched [kJ/m$^2$] & 23 °C & 10.4 \\ \hline
Strain at tensile strength [\%] & 50 mm/min & 3,8 \\ \hline
Flexural modulus [GPa] & 2 mm/min & 2,8 \\ \hline
Flexural strength [MPa] & 2 mm/min & 73,6 \\ \hline
Flexural strain at flexural strength [\%] & 2 mm/min & 3,3 \\ \hline
Strain at break (Flexural) [\%] & 2 mm/min & 3,3 \\ \hline
Charpy unnotched [kJ/m$^2$] & 23 °C & 10,4 \\ \hline
\end{tabular}
\caption*{\textit{Izvor: Autor obradio prema \cite{AzureFilmPLA}}}
\end{table}
@@ -1240,9 +1239,9 @@ Ispitni uzorci izrađeni su na 3D printeru \textit{Bambu Lab P1S}, korištenjem
\hline
Pripremni volumen filamenta (prime volume) & $45\mathrm{mm^2}$\\
\hline
Promjer filamenta & $1.75\mathrm{mm}$ \\
Promjer filamenta & $1,75 \mathrm{mm}$ \\
\hline
Temperatura smekšavanja & $45\mathrm{\degree C}$\\
Temperatura smekšavanja & $45 \mathrm{\degree C}$\\
\hline
Temperatura mlaznice & $220\mathrm{\degree C}$ \\
\hline
@@ -1261,7 +1260,7 @@ Ispitni uzorci izrađeni su na 3D printeru \textit{Bambu Lab P1S}, korištenjem
\end{table}
\noindent Nakon ispisa, svaki ispitni uzorak vizualno je pregledan te mjeren pomičnim mjerilom kako bi se provjerila geometrijska točnost, mjerene su bočne stranice s gornje i donje strane ispitnog uzorka, te visina samog ispitnog uzorka (točnost $\pm 0.2mm$), svaka izmjera rađena je 3 puta te je uzet prosjek. Mjerenja ispitnih uzoraka za vlačno ispitivanje prikazana su u tablici \ref{tab:dimenzije_uzoraka_vlak} dok su mjere ispitnih uzoraka za smično ispitivanje prikazane u tablici \ref{tab:dimenzije_s}. Uzorci koji su imali vidljive defekte (delaminacije ili praznine) izuzeti su iz ispitivanja. Izrađeni ispitni uzorci nalaze se na slici \ref{fig:izradene_epruvete}.
\noindent Nakon ispisa, svaki ispitni uzorak vizualno je pregledan te mjeren pomičnim mjerilom kako bi se provjerila geometrijska točnost, mjerene su bočne stranice s gornje i donje strane ispitnog uzorka, te visina samog ispitnog uzorka (točnost $\pm 0,2mm$), svaka izmjera rađena je 3 puta te je uzet prosjek. Mjerenja ispitnih uzoraka za vlačno ispitivanje prikazana su u tablici \ref{tab:dimenzije_uzoraka_vlak} dok su mjere ispitnih uzoraka za smično ispitivanje prikazane u tablici \ref{tab:dimenzije_s}. Uzorci koji su imali vidljive defekte (delaminacije ili praznine) izuzeti su iz ispitivanja. Izrađeni ispitni uzorci nalaze se na slici \ref{fig:izradene_epruvete}.
\begin{table}[H]
@@ -1271,30 +1270,32 @@ Ispitni uzorci izrađeni su na 3D printeru \textit{Bambu Lab P1S}, korištenjem
\hline
\textbf{Oznaka uzorka} & $a_o$ [mm] & $b_o$ [mm] & Prosjek [$a_o$, $b_o$] [mm] \\ \hline
V1 & 10.00 / 9.99 / 9.99 / 9.99 & 9.92 / 9.96 / 9.99 / 9.99 & 10.00 / 9.92 \\ \hline
V2 & 9.99 / 9.99 / 9.98 / 9.97 & 9.92 / 9.92 / 9.91 / 9.91 & 9.99 / 9.96 \\ \hline
V3 & 9.85 / 9.89 / 9.90 / 9.89 & 9.89 / 9.90 / 9.91 / 9.90 & 9.86 / 9.90 \\ \hline
V4 & 10.00 / 9.99 / 9.99 / 9.99 & 9.91 / 9.91 / 9.91 / 9.91 & 10.00 / 9.93 \\ \hline
V5 & 9.99 / 9.99 / 9.99 / 9.98 & 9.90 / 9.91 / 9.91 / 9.91 & 9.99 / 9.91 \\ \hline
V6 & 10.00 / 10.00 / 10.00 / 9.99 & 9.93 / 9.93 / 9.93 / 9.93 & 9.99 / 9.93 \\ \hline
V7 & 10.00 / 10.00 / 9.99 / 9.98 & 9.92 / 9.92 / 9.92 / 9.92 & 9.99 / 9.92 \\ \hline
V8 & 10.00 / 10.00 / 9.99 / 9.99 & 9.91 / 9.91 / 9.91 / 9.91 & 10.00 / 9.91 \\ \hline
V9 & 9.99 / 9.99 / 9.99 / 9.99 & 9.93 / 9.93 / 9.93 / 9.93 & 9.99 / 9.93 \\ \hline
V10 & 10.00 / 10.00 / 9.99 / 9.99 & 9.90 / 9.90 / 9.91 / 9.91 & 10.00 / 9.90 \\ \hline
V11 & 10.00 / 10.00 / 9.99 / 9.99 & 9.92 / 9.92 / 9.92 / 9.92 & 9.99 / 9.92 \\ \hline
V12 & 10.00 / 10.00 / 10.00 / 9.99 & 9.93 / 9.93 / 9.93 / 9.93 & 10.00 / 9.93 \\ \hline
V13 & 10.00 / 9.99 / 9.99 / 9.99 & 9.90 / 9.90 / 9.90 / 9.90 & 9.99 / 9.90 \\ \hline
V14 & 9.99 / 9.99 / 9.99 / 9.99 & 9.93 / 9.93 / 9.93 / 9.93 & 9.99 / 9.93 \\ \hline
V15 & 9.99 / 9.99 / 9.99 / 9.99 & 9.92 / 9.92 / 9.92 / 9.92 & 9.99 / 9.92 \\ \hline
V16 & 10.00 / 10.00 / 10.00 / 9.99 & 9.91 / 9.91 / 9.91 / 9.91 & 10.00 / 9.91 \\ \hline
V17 & 9.99 / 9.99 / 9.99 / 9.99 & 9.92 / 9.92 / 9.92 / 9.92 & 9.99 / 9.92 \\ \hline
V18 & 9.99 / 9.99 / 9.99 / 9.99 & 9.96 / 9.96 / 9.96 / 9.96 & 9.99 / 9.98 \\ \hline
V1 & 10,00 / 9,99 / 9,99 / 9,99 & 9,92 / 9,96 / 9,99 / 9,99 & 10,00 / 9,92 \\ \hline
V2 & 9,99 / 9,99 / 9,98 / 9,97 & 9,92 / 9,92 / 9,91 / 9,91 & 9,99 / 9,96 \\ \hline
V3 & 9,85 / 9,89 / 9,90 / 9,89 & 9,89 / 9,90 / 9,91 / 9,90 & 9,86 / 9,90 \\ \hline
V4 & 10,00 / 9,99 / 9,99 / 9,99 & 9,91 / 9,91 / 9,91 / 9,91 & 10,00 / 9,93 \\ \hline
V5 & 9,99 / 9,99 / 9,99 / 9,98 & 9,90 / 9,91 / 9,91 / 9,91 & 9,99 / 9,91 \\ \hline
V6 & 10,00 / 10,00 / 10,00 / 9,99 & 9,93 / 9,93 / 9,93 / 9,93 & 9,99 / 9,93 \\ \hline
V7 & 10,00 / 10,00 / 9,99 / 9,98 & 9,92 / 9,92 / 9,92 / 9,92 & 9,99 / 9,92 \\ \hline
V8 & 10,00 / 10,00 / 9,99 / 9,99 & 9,91 / 9,91 / 9,91 / 9,91 & 10,00 / 9,91 \\ \hline
V9 & 9,99 / 9,99 / 9,99 / 9,99 & 9,93 / 9,93 / 9,93 / 9,93 & 9,99 / 9,93 \\ \hline
V10 & 10,00 / 10,00 / 9,99 / 9,99 & 9,90 / 9,90 / 9,91 / 9,91 & 10,00 / 9,90 \\ \hline
V11 & 10,00 / 10,00 / 9,99 / 9,99 & 9,92 / 9,92 / 9,92 / 9,92 & 9,99 / 9,92 \\ \hline
V12 & 10,00 / 10,00 / 10,00 / 9,99 & 9,93 / 9,93 / 9,93 / 9,93 & 10,00 / 9,93 \\ \hline
V13 & 10,00 / 9,99 / 9,99 / 9,99 & 9,90 / 9,90 / 9,90 / 9,90 & 9,99 / 9,90 \\ \hline
V14 & 9,99 / 9,99 / 9,99 / 9,99 & 9,93 / 9,93 / 9,93 / 9,93 & 9,99 / 9,93 \\ \hline
V15 & 9,99 / 9,99 / 9,99 / 9,99 & 9,92 / 9,92 / 9,92 / 9,92 & 9,99 / 9,92 \\ \hline
V16 & 10,00 / 10,00 / 10,00 / 9,99 & 9,91 / 9,91 / 9,91 / 9,91 & 10,00 / 9,91 \\ \hline
V17 & 9,99 / 9,99 / 9,99 / 9,99 & 9,92 / 9,92 / 9,92 / 9,92 & 9,99 / 9,92 \\ \hline
V18 & 9,99 / 9,99 / 9,99 / 9,99 & 9,96 / 9,96 / 9,96 / 9,96 & 9,99 / 9,98 \\ \hline
\end{tabular}
\label{tab:dimenzije_uzoraka_vlak}
\caption*{\textit{Izvor: autor}}
\end{table}
\begin{table}[H]
\centering
\caption{Dimenzije ispitnih uzoraka S1–S27 ($a_o$ i prosjek)}
@@ -1302,33 +1303,33 @@ V18 & 9.99 / 9.99 / 9.99 / 9.99 & 9.96 / 9.96 / 9.96 / 9.96 & 9.99 / 9.98 \\ \hl
\hline
\textbf{Oznaka uzorka} & $a_o$ [mm] (četiri mjerenja) & Prosjek [$a_o$] [mm] \\ \hline
S1 & 8.00 / 8.15 / 7.98 / 8.01 & 8.04 \\ \hline
S2 & 8.02 / 8.02 / 7.98 / 8.02 & 8.02 \\ \hline
S3 & 7.99 / 7.99 / 8.04 / 8.06 & 7.99 \\ \hline
S4 & 8.06 / 8.07 / 7.95 / 7.98 & 8.06 \\ \hline
S5 & 7.98 / 7.98 / 7.98 / 7.96 & 7.98 \\ \hline
S6 & 7.99 / 7.96 / 7.87 / 7.87 & 7.99 \\ \hline
S7 & 8.08 / 8.10 / 8.10 / 8.07 & 8.09 \\ \hline
S8 & 7.95 / 7.94 / 7.96 / 7.87 & 7.92 \\ \hline
S9 & 7.89 / 7.87 / 8.04 / 7.92 & 7.88 \\ \hline
S10 & 7.94 / 8.11 / 8.10 / 8.01 & 7.97 \\ \hline
S11 & 8.09 / 8.10 / 8.01 / 8.04 & 8.10 \\ \hline
S12 & 8.07 / 8.04 / 8.18 / 8.15 & 8.04 \\ \hline
S13 & 8.12 / 8.15 / 8.01 / 8.04 & 8.15 \\ \hline
S14 & 8.00 / 7.95 / 7.91 / 7.91 & 7.99 \\ \hline
S15 & 8.04 / 7.91 / 7.91 / 8.03 & 7.94 \\ \hline
S16 & 7.99 / 8.00 / 7.95 / 8.14 & 8.02 \\ \hline
S17 & 7.88 / 7.84 / 7.85 / 8.19 & 7.86 \\ \hline
S18 & 8.14 / 8.19 / 8.12 / 8.13 & 8.17 \\ \hline
S19 & 8.11 / 8.13 / 8.17 / 8.09 & 8.12 \\ \hline
S20 & 8.07 / 7.97 / 7.95 / 8.02 & 8.12 \\ \hline
S21 & 8.13 / 8.18 / 7.98 / 8.15 & 7.98 \\ \hline
S22 & 8.02 / 7.98 / 8.15 / 8.13 & 8.09 \\ \hline
S23 & 8.07 / 7.99 / 8.12 / 8.15 & 7.99 \\ \hline
S24 & 8.14 / 8.13 / 7.90 / 7.94 & 8.14 \\ \hline
S25 & 7.97 / 7.88 / 7.85 / 7.99 & 7.88 \\ \hline
S26 & 8.15 / 8.18 / 7.95 / 7.92 & 8.19 \\ \hline
S27 & 8.12 / 7.99 / 7.97 / 7.99 & 8.02 \\ \hline
S1 & 8,00 / 8,15 / 7,98 / 8,01 & 8,04 \\ \hline
S2 & 8,02 / 8,02 / 7,98 / 8,02 & 8,02 \\ \hline
S3 & 7,99 / 7,99 / 8,04 / 8,06 & 7,99 \\ \hline
S4 & 8,06 / 8,07 / 7,95 / 7,98 & 8,06 \\ \hline
S5 & 7,98 / 7,98 / 7,98 / 7,96 & 7,98 \\ \hline
S6 & 7,99 / 7,96 / 7,87 / 7,87 & 7,99 \\ \hline
S7 & 8,08 / 8,10 / 8,10 / 8,07 & 8,09 \\ \hline
S8 & 7,95 / 7,94 / 7,96 / 7,87 & 7,92 \\ \hline
S9 & 7,89 / 7,87 / 8,04 / 7,92 & 7,88 \\ \hline
S10 & 7,94 / 8,11 / 8,10 / 8,01 & 7,97 \\ \hline
S11 & 8,09 / 8,10 / 8,01 / 8,04 & 8,10 \\ \hline
S12 & 8,07 / 8,04 / 8,18 / 8,15 & 8,04 \\ \hline
S13 & 8,12 / 8,15 / 8,01 / 8,04 & 8,15 \\ \hline
S14 & 8,00 / 7,95 / 7,91 / 7,91 & 7,99 \\ \hline
S15 & 8,04 / 7,91 / 7,91 / 8,03 & 7,94 \\ \hline
S16 & 7,99 / 8,00 / 7,95 / 8,14 & 8,02 \\ \hline
S17 & 7,88 / 7,84 / 7,85 / 8,19 & 7,86 \\ \hline
S18 & 8,14 / 8,19 / 8,12 / 8,13 & 8,17 \\ \hline
S19 & 8,11 / 8,13 / 8,17 / 8,09 & 8,12 \\ \hline
S20 & 8,07 / 7,97 / 7,95 / 8,02 & 8,12 \\ \hline
S21 & 8,13 / 8,18 / 7,98 / 8,15 & 7,98 \\ \hline
S22 & 8,02 / 7,98 / 8,15 / 8,13 & 8,09 \\ \hline
S23 & 8,07 / 7,99 / 8,12 / 8,15 & 7,99 \\ \hline
S24 & 8,14 / 8,13 / 7,90 / 7,94 & 8,14 \\ \hline
S25 & 7,97 / 7,88 / 7,85 / 7,99 & 7,88 \\ \hline
S26 & 8,15 / 8,18 / 7,95 / 7,92 & 8,19 \\ \hline
S27 & 8,12 / 7,99 / 7,97 / 7,99 & 8,02 \\ \hline
\end{tabular}
\label{tab:dimenzije_s}
\caption*{\textit{Izvor: autor}}
@@ -1336,7 +1337,6 @@ S27 & 8.12 / 7.99 / 7.97 / 7.99 & 8.02 \\ \hline
\begin{figure}[H]
\centering
\caption{Prikaz svih ispitnih uzoraka.}
@@ -1363,8 +1363,8 @@ Ispitni uzorci označeni su graviranjem teksta direktno u slicer programu (prika
Ispitivanja su provedena na univerzalnoj kidalici \textit{MESSPHYSIK BETA 250} sa sljedećim brzinama:
\begin{itemize}
\item \textbf{Vlačno ispitivanje}: provedeno brzinom od $5\mathrm{mm/min}$
\item \textbf{Smično ispitivanje}: provedeno brzinom od $5\mathrm{mm/min}$
\item \textbf{Vlačno ispitivanje}: provedeno brzinom od $5\mathrm{mm/min}$.
\item \textbf{Smično ispitivanje}: provedeno brzinom od $5\mathrm{mm/min}$.
\end{itemize}
\noindent Tijekom svakog testa snimana je sila, a podaci su pohranjeni u računalo povezano s uređajem. Iz izmjerenih vrijednosti sile i poznatog presjeka ispitnog uzorka izračunate su vrijednosti naprezanja $\sigma_{\mathrm{nom}} = F_{\mathrm{m}}/A_{\mathrm{nom}}$ (za vlak) i $\tau_{\mathrm{nom}} = F_{\mathrm{m}}/A_{\mathrm{nom}}$ (za smik).
@@ -1422,10 +1422,10 @@ Po dva testna uzorka korištena su za pronalaženje sile pri kojoj čeljusti ne
Za svaki ispitni uzorak zabilježeni su:
\begin{itemize}
\item oznaka (Vx ili Sx)
\item konfiguracija parametara definirana ortogonalnom matricom
\item vrijednosti sile
\item izračunata naprezanja
\item oznaka (Vx ili Sx),
\item konfiguracija parametara definirana ortogonalnom matricom,
\item vrijednosti sile,
\item izračunata naprezanja.
\end{itemize}
\noindent Na taj način dobiven je skup podataka koji se dalje koristi u analizi prema Taguchijevoj metodi.
@@ -1485,17 +1485,17 @@ Alat nakon generiranja booleove maske izračunava ukupnu površinu presjeka u XY
\begin{verbatim}
==== Grid ispuna 30.0% ====
XY ukupna povrsina = 301.7364 mm^2
Povrsina ljuski = 132.4033 mm^2
Povrsina ispune = 169.3331 mm^2
XY ukupna povrsina = 301,7364 mm^2,
Povrsina ljuski = 132,4033 mm^2,
Povrsina ispune = 169,3331 mm^2,
-- Presjeci kroz Z (uzorak konstantan po Z) --
Duzina po X @ y=1.000 mm: 4.0801 mm
Duzina po Y @ x=-2.000 mm: 19.0989 mm
Povrsina XZ @ y=1.000: 40.8010 mm^2 (Z=10.000 mm)
Povrsina YZ @ x=-2.000: 190.9887 mm^2 (Z=10.000 mm)
Duzina po X @ y=1,000 mm: 4,0801 mm,
Duzina po Y @ x=-2,000 mm: 19,0989 mm,
Povrsina XZ @ y=1,000: 40,8010 mm^2 (Z=10,000 mm),
Povrsina YZ @ x=-2,000: 190.9887 mm^2 (Z=10,000 mm),
A_xz(y=1mm) = 40.80100125156456 mm^2
A_yz(x=-2mm) = 190.9887359198926 mm^2
A_xz(y=1mm) = 40,80100125156456 mm^2,
A_yz(x=-2mm) = 190,9887359198926 mm^2.
\end{verbatim}
@@ -1528,33 +1528,34 @@ gdje je $A_{\text{nom}}$ površina nominalnog poprečnog presjeka epruvete kada
\centering
\caption{Rezultati vlačnog ispitivanja}
\resizebox{\textwidth}{!}{%
\begin{tabular}{|c|c|c|c|c|c|c|c|}
\begin{tabular}{|c|c|c|c|c|c|c|}
\hline
Eksperiment & $A_{\text{nom}}$ [mm$^2$] & $A_{\text{min}}$ [mm$^2$] & $F_{\text{m}}$ [kN] & $\sigma_{\text{nom}}$ [MPa] & $\sigma_{\text{ef}}$ [MPa] & S/N [dB] \\ \hline
1 & 100 & 44.493 & 0.778 & 7.78 & 17.4859 & 17.8196 \\ \hline
2 & 100 & 87.819 & 3.299 & 32.99 & 37.5659 & 30.3676 \\ \hline
3 & 100 & 100 & 0.794 & 7.94 & 7.9400 & 17.9964 \\ \hline
4 & 100 & 87.6308 & 2.792 & 27.92 & 31.8609 & 28.9183 \\ \hline
5 & 100 & 91.5613 & 2.468 & 24.68 & 26.9546 & 27.8469 \\ \hline
6 & 100 & 93.9905 & 2.871 & 28.71 & 30.5456 & 29.1607 \\ \hline
7 & 100 & 92.7473 & 2.423 & 24.23 & 26.1247 & 27.6871 \\ \hline
8 & 100 & 96.3896 & 1.891 & 18.91 & 19.6183 & 25.5338 \\ \hline
9 & 100 & 79.2649 & 2.431 & 24.31 & 30.6693 & 27.7157 \\ \hline
10 & 100 & 35.669 & 3.398 & 33.98 & 95.2648 & 30.6245 \\ \hline
11 & 100 & 36.045 & 3.218 & 32.18 & 89.2773 & 30.1517 \\ \hline
12 & 100 & 26.908 & 2.768 & 27.68 & 102.869 & 28.8433 \\ \hline
13 & 100 & 32.415 & 2.472 & 24.72 & 76.2610 & 27.8610 \\ \hline
14 & 100 & 24.155 & 2.527 & 25.27 & 104.616 & 28.0521 \\ \hline
15 & 100 & 42.804 & 3.647 & 36.47 & 85.2023 & 31.2387 \\ \hline
16 & 100 & 26.909 & 2.491 & 24.91 & 92.5713 & 27.9275 \\ \hline
17 & 100 & 44.555 & 4.111 & 41.11 & 92.2680 & 32.2789 \\ \hline
18 & 100 & 15.895 & 2.263 & 22.63 & 142.372 & 27.0937 \\ \hline
1 & 100 & 44,493 & 0,778 & 7,78 & 17,4859 & 17,8196 \\ \hline
2 & 100 & 87,819 & 3,299 & 32,99 & 37,5659 & 30,3676 \\ \hline
3 & 100 & 100 & 0,794 & 7,94 & 7,9400 & 17,9964 \\ \hline
4 & 100 & 87,6308 & 2,792 & 27,92 & 31,8609 & 28,9183 \\ \hline
5 & 100 & 91,5613 & 2,468 & 24,68 & 26,9546 & 27,8469 \\ \hline
6 & 100 & 93,9905 & 2,871 & 28,71 & 30,5456 & 29,1607 \\ \hline
7 & 100 & 92,7473 & 2,423 & 24,23 & 26,1247 & 27,6871 \\ \hline
8 & 100 & 96,3896 & 1,891 & 18,91 & 19,6183 & 25,5338 \\ \hline
9 & 100 & 79,2649 & 2,431 & 24,31 & 30,6693 & 27,7157 \\ \hline
10 & 100 & 35,669 & 3,398 & 33,98 & 95,2648 & 30,6245 \\ \hline
11 & 100 & 36,045 & 3,218 & 32,18 & 89,2773 & 30,1517 \\ \hline
12 & 100 & 26,908 & 2,768 & 27,68 & 102,869 & 28,8433 \\ \hline
13 & 100 & 32,415 & 2,472 & 24,72 & 76,2610 & 27,8610 \\ \hline
14 & 100 & 24,155 & 2,527 & 25,27 & 104,616 & 28,0521 \\ \hline
15 & 100 & 42,804 & 3,647 & 36,47 & 85,2023 & 31,2387 \\ \hline
16 & 100 & 26,909 & 2,491 & 24,91 & 92,5713 & 27,9275 \\ \hline
17 & 100 & 44,555 & 4,111 & 41,11 & 92,2680 & 32,2789 \\ \hline
18 & 100 & 15,895 & 2,263 & 22,63 & 142,372 & 27,0937 \\ \hline
\end{tabular}
}
\label{tab:rezultati_vlacni}
\caption*{\textit{Izvor: autor}}
\end{table}
\noindent Nakon što smo odredili sve vrijednosti za signal-šum omjere, moguće je onda odrediti srednji signal-šum svih razina svakog faktora u tablici \ref{tab:taguchi_l18_vlacni}, srednju čvrstoću svake razine svakog parametra, te finalno i razliku maksimalnog i minimalnog signal-šum omjera svake razine svakog faktora. Sa tim podacima, možemo napraviti predikciju optimalne kombinacije signal-šum omjera. Svi navedeni podaci prikazani su u tablici \ref{tab:snr_vlak}.
@@ -1568,35 +1569,34 @@ gdje je $A_{\text{nom}}$ površina nominalnog poprečnog presjeka epruvete kada
Faktor & Razina & $\bar{S/N}$ [dB] & $\bar{\sigma}$ [MPa] & $\Delta$ (S/N) & Optimalna kombinacija S/N \\ \hline
\multirow{2}{*}{Orijentacija}
& 1 & 25.8940 & 21.94 & \multirow{2}{*}{3.4473} & \multirow{2}{*}{2} \\ \cline{2-4}
& 2 & 29.3413 & 29.88 & & \\ \hline
& 1 & 25,8940 & 21,94 & \multirow{2}{*}{3,4473} & \multirow{2}{*}{2} \\ \cline{2-4}
& 2 & 29,3413 & 29,88 & & \\ \hline
\multirow{3}{*}{Visina sloja [mm]}
& 0.08 & 25.9672 & 23.76 & \multirow{3}{*}{3.2725} & \multirow{3}{*}{0.14} \\ \cline{2-4}
& 0.14 & 28.8463 & 27.96 & & \\ \cline{2-4}
& 0.28 & 28.0395 & 26.02 & & \\ \hline
& 0,08 & 25,9672 & 23,76 & \multirow{3}{*}{3,2725} & \multirow{3}{*}{0,14} \\ \cline{2-4}
& 0,14 & 28,8463 & 27,96 & & \\ \cline{2-4}
& 0,28 & 28,0395 & 26,02 & & \\ \hline
\multirow{3}{*}{Širina ekstruzije [mm]}
& 0.4 & 26.8063 & 23.92 & \multirow{3}{*}{2.8791} & \multirow{3}{*}{0.6} \\ \cline{2-4}
& 0.6 & 29.0385 & 29.19 & & \\ \cline{2-4}
& 0.8 & 27.0081 & 24.62 & & \\ \hline
& 0,4 & 26,8063 & 23,92 & \multirow{3}{*}{2,8791} & \multirow{3}{*}{0,6} \\ \cline{2-4}
& 0,6 & 29,0385 & 29,19 & & \\ \cline{2-4}
& 0,8 & 27,0081 & 24,62 & & \\ \hline
\multirow{3}{*}{Postotak ispune [\%]}
& 20 & 26.2701 & 22.49 & \multirow{3}{*}{2.3673} & \multirow{3}{*}{55} \\ \cline{2-4}
& 55 & 28.6374 & 27.18 & & \\ \cline{2-4}
& 85 & 27.9454 & 28.07 & & \\ \hline
& 20 & 26,2701 & 22,49 & \multirow{3}{*}{2,3673} & \multirow{3}{*}{55} \\ \cline{2-4}
& 55 & 28,6374 & 27,18 & & \\ \cline{2-4}
& 85 & 27,9454 & 28,07 & & \\ \hline
\multirow{3}{*}{Broj slojeva stijenke}
& 2 & 26.2286 & 22.06 & \multirow{3}{*}{2.2322} & \multirow{3}{*}{4} \\ \cline{2-4}
& 4 & 29.5010 & 30.22 & & \\ \cline{2-4}
& 6 & 27.1234 & 25.46 & & \\ \hline
& 2 & 26,2286 & 22,06 & \multirow{3}{*}{2,2322} & \multirow{3}{*}{4} \\ \cline{2-4}
& 4 & 29,5010 & 30,22 & & \\ \cline{2-4}
& 6 & 27,1234 & 25,46 & & \\ \hline
\end{tabular}}
\label{tab:snr_vlak}
\caption*{\textit{Izvor: autor}}
\end{table}
\subsubsection{ANOVA analiza rezultata vlačnog ispitivanja}\label{subsubsec:anova_analiza_rezultata_vlacnog_ispitivanja}
ANOVA metodu provesti ćemo po postupku opisanom u poglavlju \ref{subsec:anova}. \\
@@ -1653,48 +1653,48 @@ glavnom učinku faktora za koji se računa.
\centering
\caption{Sume kvadrata faktora vlačnog testa}
{\fontsize{10}{11}\selectfont
\begin{tabular}{|c|c|c|c|c|c|}
\begin{tabular}{|c|c|c|c|c|}
\hline
Faktor & $\bar{\sigma}$ & n & $\mu^2$ & $\mathrm{n} \cdot \mu^2$ \\ \hline
\multicolumn{5}{|l|}{\textbf{Orijentacija}} \\ \hline
1 & 21.9411 & 9 & 15.7697 & 141.9275 \\ \hline
2 & 29.8833 & 9 & 15.7697 & 141.9275 \\ \hline
\textbf{Zbroj kvadrata} & & & & 283.8550 \\ \hline
1 & 21,9411 & 9 & 15,7697 & 141,9275 \\ \hline
2 & 29,8833 & 9 & 15,7697 & 141,9275 \\ \hline
\textbf{Zbroj kvadrata} & & & & 283,8550 \\ \hline
\textbf{Stupnjevi slobode} & & & & 1 \\ \hline
\textbf{Srednji kvadrat} & & & & 283.8550 \\ \hline
\textbf{Srednji kvadrat} & & & & 283,8550 \\ \hline
\multicolumn{5}{|l|}{\textbf{Visina sloja [mm]}} \\ \hline
0.08 & 23.7583 & 6 & 4.6392 & 27.8354 \\ \hline
0.14 & 27.9617 & 6 & 4.2002 & 25.2013 \\ \hline
0.28 & 26.0167 & 6 & 0.0109 & 0.0655 \\ \hline
\textbf{Zbroj kvadrata} & & & & 53.1022 \\ \hline
0,08 & 23,7583 & 6 & 4,6392 & 27,8354 \\ \hline
0,14 & 27,9617 & 6 & 4,2002 & 25,2013 \\ \hline
0,28 & 26,0167 & 6 & 0,0109 & 0,0655 \\ \hline
\textbf{Zbroj kvadrata} & & & & 53,1022 \\ \hline
\textbf{Stupnjevi slobode} & & & & 2 \\ \hline
\textbf{Srednji kvadrat} & & & & 26.5511 \\ \hline
\textbf{Srednji kvadrat} & & & & 26,5511 \\ \hline
\multicolumn{5}{|l|}{\textbf{Širina ekstruzije [mm]}} \\ \hline
0.4 & 23.9233 & 6 & 3.9557 & 23.7347 \\ \hline
0.6 & 29.19 & 6 & 10.7438 & 64.4629 \\ \hline
0.8 & 24.6233 & 6 & 1.6612 & 9.9674 \\ \hline
\textbf{Zbroj kvadrata} & & & & 98.1644 \\ \hline
0,4 & 23,9233 & 6 & 3,9557 & 23,7347 \\ \hline
0,6 & 29,19 & 6 & 10,7438 & 64,4629 \\ \hline
0,8 & 24,6233 & 6 & 1,6612 & 9,9674 \\ \hline
\textbf{Zbroj kvadrata} & & & & 98,1644 \\ \hline
\textbf{Stupnjevi slobode} & & & & 2 \\ \hline
\textbf{Srednji kvadrat} & & & & 49.0822 \\ \hline
\textbf{Srednji kvadrat} & & & & 49,0822 \\ \hline
\multicolumn{5}{|l|}{\textbf{Postotak ispune [\%]}} \\ \hline
20 & 22.4883 & 6 & 11.7230 & 70.3381 \\ \hline
55 & 27.18 & 6 & 1.6073 & 9.6436 \\ \hline
85 & 28.0683 & 6 & 4.6489 & 27.8929 \\ \hline
\textbf{Zbroj kvadrata} & & & & 107.8745 \\ \hline
20 & 22,4883 & 6 & 11,7230 & 70,3381 \\ \hline
55 & 27,18 & 6 & 1,6073 & 9,6436 \\ \hline
85 & 28,0683 & 6 & 4,6489 & 27,8929 \\ \hline
\textbf{Zbroj kvadrata} & & & & 107,8745 \\ \hline
\textbf{Stupnjevi slobode} & & & & 2 \\ \hline
\textbf{Srednji kvadrat} & & & & 53.9377 \\ \hline
\textbf{Srednji kvadrat} & & & & 53,9377 \\ \hline
\multicolumn{5}{|l|}{\textbf{Broj slojeva stijenke}} \\ \hline
2 & 22.0583 & 6 & 14.8525 & 89.1148 \\ \hline
4 & 30.215 & 6 & 18.5139 & 111.0834 \\ \hline
6 & 25.4633 & 6 & 0.2015 & 1.2090 \\ \hline
\textbf{Zbroj kvadrata} & & & & 201.4071 \\ \hline
2 & 22,0583 & 6 & 14,8525 & 89,1148 \\ \hline
4 & 30,215 & 6 & 18,5139 & 111,0834 \\ \hline
6 & 25,4633 & 6 & 0,2015 & 1,2090 \\ \hline
\textbf{Zbroj kvadrata} & & & & 201,4071 \\ \hline
\textbf{Stupnjevi slobode} & & & & 2 \\ \hline
\textbf{Srednji kvadrat} & & & & 100.7036 \\ \hline
\textbf{Srednji kvadrat} & & & & 100,7036 \\ \hline
\end{tabular}}
\label{tab:anova_ssf_vlak}
@@ -1725,13 +1725,13 @@ glavnom učinku faktora za koji se računa.
\begin{tabular}{|l|c|c|c|c|c|}
\hline
\textbf{Faktor} & \textbf{SS} & \textbf{SL} & \textbf{MS} & \textbf{F-omjer} & \textbf{Udio varijabiliteta [\%]} \\ \hline
Orijentacija & 283.8550 & 1 & 283.8550 & 4.6455 & 23.0172 \\ \hline
Visina sloja & 53.1022 & 2 & 26.5511 & 0.4345 & 4.3060 \\ \hline
Širina ekstruzije & 98.1644 & 2 & 49.0822 & 0.8033 & 7.9600 \\ \hline
Postotak ispune & 107.8745 & 2 & 53.9373 & 0.8827 & 8.7473 \\ \hline
Broj slojeva stijenke & 201.4071 & 2 & 100.7036 & 1.6481 & 16.3317 \\ \hline
Pogreška (rezidual) & 488.8245 & 8 & 61.1031 & & 39.6378 \\ \hline
\textbf{Ukupno} & 1233.2279 & 17 & & & 100.0000 \\ \hline
Orijentacija & 283,8550 & 1 & 283,8550 & 4,6455 & 23,0172 \\ \hline
Visina sloja & 53,1022 & 2 & 26,5511 & 0,4345 & 4,3060 \\ \hline
Širina ekstruzije & 98,1644 & 2 & 49,0822 & 0,8033 & 7,9600 \\ \hline
Postotak ispune & 107,8745 & 2 & 53,9373 & 0,8827 & 8,7473 \\ \hline
Broj slojeva stijenke & 201,4071 & 2 & 100,7036 & 1,6481 & 16,3317 \\ \hline
Pogreška (rezidual) & 488,8245 & 8 & 61,1031 & & 39,6378 \\ \hline
\textbf{Ukupno} & 1233,2279 & 17 & & & 100,0000 \\ \hline
\end{tabular}
\label{tab:anova_sazetak_vlak}
\caption*{\textit{Izvor: autor}}
@@ -1771,32 +1771,32 @@ Pogreška (rezidual) & 488.8245 & 8 & 61.1031 & & 39.6378 \\ \hline
\begin{equation}\label{eq:graf1}
F_{\text{m}}(A_{\text{min}}) = 0.0207 A_{\text{min}} + 0.415
F_{\text{m}}(A_{\text{min}}) = 0,0207 A_{\text{min}} + 0,415
\end{equation}
\begin{equation}\label{eq:graf2}
F_{\text{m}}(A_{\text{min}}) = 0.0627 A_{\text{min}} + 1.001
F_{\text{m}}(A_{\text{min}}) = 0,0627 A_{\text{min}} + 1,001
\end{equation}
\noindent Moguće je primijetiti kako je pri orijentaciji 1 (vertikalna orijentacija) prosječni porast sile ($F_{\text{m}}$) po jedinici površine ($mm^2$) 20,7N, dok je za orijentaciju 2 ista vrijednost 62,7N. Izračunamo li sada korijensku srednju kvadratnu pogrešku, kako bi saznali kolika bi bila pogreška kada bi silu predviđali iz površine, dobivamo izraze \ref{eq:rmse_or1} i \ref{eq:rmse_or2}.
\begin{equation}\label{eq:rmse_or1}
RMSE_{\text{or1}} = \sqrt{ \frac{1}{n-2} \sum_{i=1}^{n} \left( F_{m-or1,i} - \hat{F}_{m-or1,i} \right)^2 } = 0.8724\text{kN}
RMSE_{\text{or1}} = \sqrt{ \frac{1}{n-2} \sum_{i=1}^{n} \left( F_{m-or1,i} - \hat{F}_{m-or1,i} \right)^2 } = 0,8724\text{kN}
\end{equation}
\begin{equation}\label{eq:rmse_or2}
RMSE_{\text{or2}} = \sqrt{ \frac{1}{n-2} \sum_{i=1}^{n} \left( F_{m-or2,i} - \hat{F}_{m-or2,i} \right)^2 } = 0.2829\text{kN}
RMSE_{\text{or2}} = \sqrt{ \frac{1}{n-2} \sum_{i=1}^{n} \left( F_{m-or2,i} - \hat{F}_{m-or2,i} \right)^2 } = 0,2829\text{kN}
\end{equation}
\noindent gdje je $\hat{F}_{m,i} = a \cdot A_{\min,i} + b$ sila predviđena regresijskim pravcem (prema \ref{eq:graf1} i \ref{eq:graf2} za orijentacije 1 i 2), dok je $\bar{F}_{m}$ aritmetička sredina izmjerenih sila, a $n$ broj uzoraka. Kako bi mogli definirati koliko dobro linearni model objašnjava naše podatke, možemo izračunati koeficijent determinacije prema izrazima \ref{eq:r2_or1} i \ref{eq:r2_or2}.
\begin{equation}\label{eq:r2_or1}
R_{\text{or1}}^2 = 1 - \frac{\sum_{i=1}^{n} \left( F_{m-or1,i} - \hat{F}_{m-or1,i} \right)^2}{\sum_{i=1}^{n} \left( F_{m-or1,i} - \bar{F}_{m-or1} \right)^2} = 0.151
R_{\text{or1}}^2 = 1 - \frac{\sum_{i=1}^{n} \left( F_{m-or1,i} - \hat{F}_{m-or1,i} \right)^2}{\sum_{i=1}^{n} \left( F_{m-or1,i} - \bar{F}_{m-or1} \right)^2} = 0,151
\end{equation}
\begin{equation}\label{eq:r2_or2}
R_{\text{or2}}^2 = 1 - \frac{\sum_{i=1}^{n} \left( F_{m-or2,i} - \hat{F}_{m-or2,i} \right)^2}{\sum_{i=1}^{n} \left( F_{m-or2,i} - \bar{F}_{m-or2} \right)^2} = 0.872
R_{\text{or2}}^2 = 1 - \frac{\sum_{i=1}^{n} \left( F_{m-or2,i} - \hat{F}_{m-or2,i} \right)^2}{\sum_{i=1}^{n} \left( F_{m-or2,i} - \bar{F}_{m-or2} \right)^2} = 0,872
\end{equation}
@@ -1835,36 +1835,36 @@ Za svaki rezultat izračunat je S/N omjer (pripadajući za taj slučaj) prema kr
\centering
\caption{Rezultati smičnog ispitivanja}
{\fontsize{10}{14}\selectfont
\begin{tabular}{|c|c|c|c|c|c|c|c|c|}
\begin{tabular}{|c|c|c|c|c|c|c|c|}
\hline
Eksperiment & $A_{\text{nom}}$ [mm$^2$] & $A_{\text{min}}$ [mm$^2$] & $F_{\text{m}}$ [kN] & Ravnina loma & $\sigma_{\text{nom}}$ [MPa] & $\sigma_{\text{ef}}$ [MPa] & S/N [dB] \\ \hline
1 & 64 & 31.577 & 0.968 & xy & 15.125 & 30.6552 & 23.5939 \\ \hline
2 & 64 & 36.365 & 1.673 & xz & 26.1403 & 46.0058 & 28.3463 \\ \hline
3 & 64 & 55.707 & 1.911 & xz & 29.8438 & 36.2394 & 29.4077 \\ \hline
4 & 64 & 37.084 & 1.536 & xz & 24.0000 & 24.0000 & 27.6042 \\ \hline
5 & 64 & 32.841 & 1.594 & xz & 32.6391 & 59.1029 & 28.9133 \\ \hline
6 & 64 & 62.477 & 2.623 & xy & 40.9844 & 41.9882 & 32.6256 \\ \hline
7 & 64 & 60.395 & 2.415 & xy & 37.7344 & 21.1110 & 25.9860 \\ \hline
8 & 64 & 42.934 & 2.015 & xz & 31.4844 & 39.1563 & 28.0530 \\ \hline
9 & 64 & 47.099 & 1.916 & xz & 29.9375 & 40.6803 & 29.5241 \\ \hline
10 & 64 & 42.934 & 2.046 & xy & 32.0000 & 38.2447 & 28.3104 \\ \hline
11 & 64 & 27.007 & 1.642 & xz & 25.6563 & 60.6576 & 28.1839 \\ \hline
12 & 64 & 47.099 & 2.104 & xy & 32.8750 & 37.7158 & 30.1701 \\ \hline
13 & 64 & 45.337 & 1.072 & xz & 16.7500 & 23.6451 & 24.4803 \\ \hline
14 & 64 & 50.325 & 1.468 & xz & 22.8750 & 43.4063 & 27.4529 \\ \hline
15 & 64 & 44.051 & 2.091 & xy & 32.6719 & 43.2864 & 30.4092 \\ \hline
16 & 64 & 42.792 & 2.061 & xy & 32.2031 & 40.5069 & 28.7815 \\ \hline
17 & 64 & 60.893 & 2.514 & xy & 39.2813 & 41.6260 & 31.0321 \\ \hline
18 & 64 & 34.184 & 2.357 & xz & 36.8281 & 34.1406 & 30.0271 \\ \hline
19 & 64 & 30.118 & 1.206 & xz & 18.8281 & 40.0093 & 25.4961 \\ \hline
20 & 64 & 53.205 & 1.923 & xy & 28.1719 & 34.5156 & 28.1869 \\ \hline
21 & 64 & 44.055 & 1.783 & xz & 27.8594 & 40.4721 & 28.3055 \\ \hline
22 & 64 & 58.227 & 2.367 & xz & 35.9844 & 52.5741 & 30.6615 \\ \hline
23 & 64 & 37.000 & 2.025 & xy & 31.6406 & 37.0000 & 30.4345 \\ \hline
24 & 64 & 46.458 & 2.309 & xz & 32.9531 & 45.3958 & 30.3579 \\ \hline
25 & 64 & 46.458 & 2.624 & xy & 40.0625 & 49.0464 & 32.6641 \\ \hline
26 & 64 & 60.395 & 2.548 & xz & 39.8125 & 42.1889 & 32.0004 \\ \hline
27 & 64 & 44.453 & 2.845 & xy & 44.4531 & 44.4531 & 32.9580 \\ \hline
1 & 64 & 31,577 & 0,968 & xy & 15,125 & 30,6552 & 23,5939 \\ \hline
2 & 64 & 36,365 & 1,673 & xz & 26,1403 & 46,0058 & 28,3463 \\ \hline
3 & 64 & 55,707 & 1,911 & xz & 29,8438 & 36,2394 & 29,4077 \\ \hline
4 & 64 & 37,084 & 1,536 & xz & 24,0000 & 24,0000 & 27,6042 \\ \hline
5 & 64 & 32,841 & 1,594 & xz & 32,6391 & 59,1029 & 28,9133 \\ \hline
6 & 64 & 62,477 & 2,623 & xy & 40,9844 & 41,9882 & 32,6256 \\ \hline
7 & 64 & 60,395 & 2,415 & xy & 37,7344 & 21,1110 & 25,9860 \\ \hline
8 & 64 & 42,934 & 2,015 & xz & 31,4844 & 39,1563 & 28,0530 \\ \hline
9 & 64 & 47,099 & 1,916 & xz & 29,9375 & 40,6803 & 29,5241 \\ \hline
10 & 64 & 42,934 & 2,046 & xy & 32,0000 & 38,2447 & 28,3104 \\ \hline
11 & 64 & 27,007 & 1,642 & xz & 25,6563 & 60,6576 & 28,1839 \\ \hline
12 & 64 & 47,099 & 2,104 & xy & 32,8750 & 37,7158 & 30,1701 \\ \hline
13 & 64 & 45,337 & 1,072 & xz & 16,7500 & 23,6451 & 24,4803 \\ \hline
14 & 64 & 50,325 & 1,468 & xz & 22,8750 & 43,4063 & 27,4529 \\ \hline
15 & 64 & 44,051 & 2,091 & xy & 32,6719 & 43,2864 & 30,4092 \\ \hline
16 & 64 & 42,792 & 2,061 & xy & 32,2031 & 40,5069 & 28,7815 \\ \hline
17 & 64 & 60,893 & 2,514 & xy & 39,2813 & 41,6260 & 31,0321 \\ \hline
18 & 64 & 34,184 & 2,357 & xz & 36,8281 & 34,1406 & 30,0271 \\ \hline
19 & 64 & 30,118 & 1,206 & xz & 18,8281 & 40,0093 & 25,4961 \\ \hline
20 & 64 & 53,205 & 1,923 & xy & 28,1719 & 34,5156 & 28,1869 \\ \hline
21 & 64 & 44,055 & 1,783 & xz & 27,8594 & 40,4721 & 28,3055 \\ \hline
22 & 64 & 58,227 & 2,367 & xz & 35,9844 & 52,5741 & 30,6615 \\ \hline
23 & 64 & 37,000 & 2,025 & xy & 31,6406 & 37,0000 & 30,4345 \\ \hline
24 & 64 & 46,458 & 2,309 & xz & 32,9531 & 45,3958 & 30,3579 \\ \hline
25 & 64 & 46,458 & 2,624 & xy & 40,0625 & 49,0464 & 32,6641 \\ \hline
26 & 64 & 60,395 & 2,548 & xz & 39,8125 & 42,1889 & 32,0004 \\ \hline
27 & 64 & 44,453 & 2,845 & xy & 44,4531 & 44,4531 & 32,9580 \\ \hline
\end{tabular}}
\label{tab:lom_smik}
\caption*{\textit{Izvor: autor}}
@@ -1881,22 +1881,21 @@ Za svaki rezultat izračunat je S/N omjer (pripadajući za taj slučaj) prema kr
\hline
Faktor & Razina & $\bar{S/N}$ [dB] & $\bar{\sigma}$ [MPa] & $\Delta$ (S/N) & Optimalna kombinacija S/N \\ \hline
%\textbf{Faktor} & \textbf{Razina} & \textbf{Srednji S/N [dB]} & \textbf{Srednja čvrstoća [MPa]} & $\Delta$ (S/N$_\text{max}$ - S/N$_\text{min}$) & \textbf{Optimalna kombinacija S/N} \\ \hline
Orijentacija & Orijentacija 1 & 30.5954 & 35.226 & \multirow{3}{*}{2.1171} & \\
& Orijentacija 2 & 29.3624 & 29.771 & & 1\\
& Orijentacija 3 & 28.4783 & 27.582 & & \\ \hline
Visina sloja [mm] & 0.08 & 28.6997 & 28.382 & \multirow{3}{*}{1.3449} & \\
& 0.14 & 29.6917 & 31.545 & & 0.28\\
& 0.28 & 30.0447 & 32.651 & & \\ \hline
Širina ekstruzije [mm] & 0.4 & 28.1518 & 26.3142 & \multirow{3}{*}{2.2376} & \\
& 0.6 & 29.8948 & 32.3299 & & 0.8 \\
& 0.8 & 30.3895 & 33.9340 & & \\ \hline
Postotak ispune [\%] & 20 & 27.1819 & 23.6788 & \multirow{3}{*}{3.5043} & \\
& 55 & 30.6862 & 34.7743 & & 55 \\
& 85 & 30.5679 & 34.125 & & \\ \hline
Broj slojeva stijenke & 2 & 28.7524 & 27.998 & \multirow{3}{*}{1.8068} & \\
& 4 & 29.1244 & 30.152 & & 6\\
& 6 & 30.5593 & 34.427 & & \\ \hline
Orijentacija & Orijentacija 1 & 30,5954 & 35,226 & \multirow{3}{*}{2,1171} & \\
& Orijentacija 2 & 29,3624 & 29,771 & & 1\\
& Orijentacija 3 & 28,4783 & 27,582 & & \\ \hline
Visina sloja [mm] & 0,08 & 28,6997 & 28,382 & \multirow{3}{*}{1,3449} & \\
& 0,14 & 29,6917 & 31,545 & & 0,28\\
& 0,28 & 30,0447 & 32,651 & & \\ \hline
Širina ekstruzije [mm] & 0,4 & 28,1518 & 26,3142 & \multirow{3}{*}{2,2376} & \\
& 0,6 & 29,8948 & 32,3299 & & 0,8 \\
& 0,8 & 30,3895 & 33,9340 & & \\ \hline
Postotak ispune [\%] & 20 & 27,1819 & 23,6788 & \multirow{3}{*}{3,5043} & \\
& 55 & 30,6862 & 34,7743 & & 55 \\
& 85 & 30,5679 & 34,125 & & \\ \hline
Broj slojeva stijenke & 2 & 28,7524 & 27,998 & \multirow{3}{*}{1,8068} & \\
& 4 & 29,1244 & 30,152 & & 6\\
& 6 & 30,5593 & 34,427 & & \\ \hline
\end{tabular}}
\label{tab:snr_faktori_smik}
\caption*{\textit{Izvor: autor}}
@@ -1907,11 +1906,11 @@ Broj slojeva stijenke & 2 & 28.7524 & 27.998 & \multirow{3}{*}{1.8068} & \\
ANOVA analiza provedena je na identičan način kao i u poglavlju \ref{subsubsec:anova_analiza_rezultata_vlacnog_ispitivanja}. Srednja vrijednost ($\mu$) naprezanja $\tau_{\text{nom}}$ svakog eksperimenta te zbroj kvadrata odstupanja točaka od srednje vrijednosti za skup svih $\tau_{\text{nom}}$, uz broj uzoraka $\mathrm{N}=27$ dobivamo vrijednosti iz izraza \ref{eq:tau_avg} i \ref{eq:sst_smik}.
\begin{equation}\label{eq:tau_avg}
\mu = \bar{\tau} = \frac{\sum_{i=1}^{N} (\tau_i)}{N} = 30.859 \mathrm{MPa}
\mu = \bar{\tau} = \frac{\sum_{i=1}^{N} (\tau_i)}{N} = 30,859 \mathrm{MPa}
\end{equation}
\begin{equation}\label{eq:sst_smik}
SS_{ukupno} = \sum_{i=1}^{N} (\tau_i) = 1616.98 \mathrm{MPa^2}
SS_{ukupno} = \sum_{i=1}^{N} (\tau_i) = 1616,98 \mathrm{MPa^2}
\end{equation}
\noindent Zbrojevi kvadrata za svaki faktor ($\mathrm{SS_f}$) računamo prema izrazu \ref{eq:ssf_smik}.\\
@@ -1930,44 +1929,44 @@ ANOVA analiza provedena je na identičan način kao i u poglavlju \ref{subsubsec
Faktor & $\bar{\sigma}$ & n & $\mu^2$ & $\mathrm{n}\cdot\mu^2$ \\ \hline
\multicolumn{5}{|l|}{\textbf{Orijentacija}} \\ \hline
1 & 35.2257 & 9 & 19.0647 & 317.0313 \\ \hline
2 & 29.7708 & 9 & 1.1849 & 10.6643 \\ \hline
3 & 27.5816 & 9 & 10.7438 & 96.6944 \\ \hline
\textbf{Zbroj kvadrata} & & & & 107.3588 \\ \hline
1 & 35,2257 & 9 & 19,0647 & 317,0313 \\ \hline
2 & 29,7708 & 9 & 1,1849 & 10,6643 \\ \hline
3 & 27,5816 & 9 & 10,7438 & 96,6944 \\ \hline
\textbf{Zbroj kvadrata} & & & & 107,3588 \\ \hline
\textbf{Stupnjevi slobode} & & & & 2 \\ \hline
\textbf{Srednji kvadrat} & & & & 53.6794 \\ \hline
\textbf{Srednji kvadrat} & & & & 53,6794 \\ \hline
\multicolumn{5}{|l|}{\textbf{Visina sloja [mm]}} \\ \hline
0.08 & 28.3819 & 9 & 6.1377 & 55.2386 \\ \hline
0.14 & 31.5451 & 9 & 0.4703 & 4.2324 \\ \hline
0.28 & 32.6510 & 9 & 3.2101 & 28.8906 \\ \hline
\textbf{Zbroj kvadrata} & & & & 88.3620 \\ \hline
0,08 & 28,3819 & 9 & 6,1377 & 55,2386 \\ \hline
0,14 & 31,5451 & 9 & 0,4703 & 4,2324 \\ \hline
0,28 & 32,6510 & 9 & 3,2101 & 28,8906 \\ \hline
\textbf{Zbroj kvadrata} & & & & 88,3620 \\ \hline
\textbf{Stupnjevi slobode} & & & & 2 \\ \hline
\textbf{Srednji kvadrat} & & & & 44.1810 \\ \hline
\textbf{Srednji kvadrat} & & & & 44,1810 \\ \hline
\multicolumn{5}{|l|}{\textbf{Širina ekstruzije [mm]}} \\ \hline
0.4 & 26.3142 & 9 & 20.6583 & 185.9246 \\ \hline
0.6 & 32.3299 & 9 & 2.1623 & 19.4609 \\ \hline
0.8 & 33.9403 & 9 & 9.4535 & 85.0814 \\ \hline
\textbf{Zbroj kvadrata} & & & & 290.4670 \\ \hline
0,4 & 26,3142 & 9 & 20,6583 & 185,9246 \\ \hline
0,6 & 32,3299 & 9 & 2,1623 & 19,4609 \\ \hline
0,8 & 33,9403 & 9 & 9,4535 & 85,0814 \\ \hline
\textbf{Zbroj kvadrata} & & & & 290,4670 \\ \hline
\textbf{Stupnjevi slobode} & & & & 2 \\ \hline
\textbf{Srednji kvadrat} & & & & 145.2335 \\ \hline
\textbf{Srednji kvadrat} & & & & 145,2335 \\ \hline
\multicolumn{5}{|l|}{\textbf{Postotak ispune [\%]}} \\ \hline
20 & 23.6788 & 9 & 51.5604 & 464.0434 \\ \hline
55 & 34.7743 & 9 & 15.3267 & 137.9401 \\ \hline
85 & 34.1250 & 9 & 10.6643 & 95.9788 \\ \hline
\textbf{Zbroj kvadrata} & & & & 697.9623 \\ \hline
20 & 23,6788 & 9 & 51,5604 & 464,0434 \\ \hline
55 & 34,7743 & 9 & 15,3267 & 137,9401 \\ \hline
85 & 34,1250 & 9 & 10,6643 & 95,9788 \\ \hline
\textbf{Zbroj kvadrata} & & & & 697,9623 \\ \hline
\textbf{Stupnjevi slobode} & & & & 2 \\ \hline
\textbf{Srednji kvadrat} & & & & 348.9811 \\ \hline
\textbf{Srednji kvadrat} & & & & 348,9811 \\ \hline
\multicolumn{5}{|l|}{\textbf{Broj slojeva stijenke}} \\ \hline
2 & 27.9983 & 9 & 8.18596 & 73.6736 \\ \hline
4 & 30.1528 & 9 & 0.49928 & 4.4935 \\ \hline
6 & 34.4271 & 9 & 12.7285 & 114.5569 \\ \hline
\textbf{Zbroj kvadrata} & & & & 192.7240 \\ \hline
2 & 27,9983 & 9 & 8,18596 & 73,6736 \\ \hline
4 & 30,1528 & 9 & 0,49928 & 4,4935 \\ \hline
6 & 34,4271 & 9 & 12,7285 & 114,5569 \\ \hline
\textbf{Zbroj kvadrata} & & & & 192,7240 \\ \hline
\textbf{Stupnjevi slobode} & & & & 2 \\ \hline
\textbf{Srednji kvadrat} & & & & 96.3620 \\ \hline
\textbf{Srednji kvadrat} & & & & 96,3620 \\ \hline
\end{tabular}
\label{tab:anova_ssf_smik}
@@ -1978,26 +1977,26 @@ Faktor & $\bar{\sigma}$ & n & $\mu^2$ & $\mathrm{n}\cdot\mu^2$ \\ \hline
\noindent Pogreška je izračunata prema izrazu \ref{eq:pogreska}, dok je F-omjer izračunat izrazom \ref{eq:f-ratio}. Sažetak cijele analize, te udio varijabiliteta prikazan je u tablici \ref{tab:anova_smik} dok su udjeli varijabiliteta prikazani grafički na slici \ref{fig:graf_smik}.
\begin{table}[H]
\centering
\caption{Sažetak ANOVA tablice ispitivanja na smik}
\begin{tabular}{|l|c|c|c|c|c|}
\hline
\textbf{Faktor} & \textbf{SS} & \textbf{SL} & \textbf{MS} & \textbf{F-omjer} & \textbf{Udio varijabiliteta [\%]} \\ \hline
Orijentacija & 107.3588 & 2 & 53.6794 & 3.5771 & 6.6395 \\ \hline
Visina sloja & 88.3620 & 2 & 44.1810 & 2.9441 & 5.4646 \\ \hline
Širina ekstruzije & 290.4670 & 2 & 145.2335 & 9.6779 & 17.9636 \\ \hline
Postotak ispune & 697.9623 & 2 & 348.9811 & 23.2552 & 43.1646 \\ \hline
Broj slojeva stijenke & 192.7240 & 2 & 96.3620 & 6.4213 & 11.9188 \\ \hline
Pogreška (rezidual) & 240.1054 & 16 & 15.0066 & & 14.8490 \\ \hline
\textbf{Ukupno} & 1616.9795 & 26 & & & 100.0000 \\ \hline
Orijentacija & 107,3588 & 2 & 53,6794 & 3,5771 & 6,6395 \\ \hline
Visina sloja & 88,3620 & 2 & 44,1810 & 2,9441 & 5,4646 \\ \hline
Širina ekstruzije & 290,4670 & 2 & 145,2335 & 9,6779 & 17,9636 \\ \hline
Postotak ispune & 697,9623 & 2 & 348,9811 & 23,2552 & 43,1646 \\ \hline
Broj slojeva stijenke & 192,7240 & 2 & 96,3620 & 6,4213 & 11,9188 \\ \hline
Pogreška (rezidual) & 240,1054 & 16 & 15,0066 & & 14,8490 \\ \hline
\textbf{Ukupno} & 1616,9795 & 26 & & & 100,0000 \\ \hline
\end{tabular}
\label{tab:anova_smik}
\caption*{\textit{Izvor: autor}}
\end{table}
\begin{figure}[h]
\centering
\caption{Udio varijabiliteta svakog faktora i greške.}